Outline of National Medium-and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development Plan (2006

　outline of the national medium and long term science and technology development program

(2006-2020)
The State Council, People’s Republic of China (PRC)

Catalogue

　　I. Introduction
　　II. Guiding Principles, Development Goals and Overall Deployment
　　1. Guidelines
　　2. Development goals
　　3. Overall deployment
　　III. Key areas and their priority themes
　　1. Energy
　　(1) Industrial energy saving
　　(2) Clean and efficient development and utilization, liquefaction and polygeneration of coal.
　　(3) Exploration, development and utilization of oil and gas resources in complex geology
　　(4) low-cost large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy.
　　(5) Ultra-large-scale power transmission and distribution and power grid security
　　2. Water and mineral resources
　　(6) Optimal allocation and comprehensive development and utilization of water resources
　　(7) Comprehensive water saving
　　(8) Seawater desalination
　　(9) Resource exploration and storage increase
　　(10) Efficient development and utilization of mineral resources
　　(11) Efficient development and utilization of marine resources
　　(12) Comprehensive resource zoning
　　3. Environment
　　(13) Comprehensive pollution control and waste recycling.
　　(14) Restoration and reconstruction of ecosystem functions in ecologically fragile areas.
　　(15) Marine ecology and environmental protection
　　(16) Global environmental change monitoring and countermeasures
　　4. Agriculture
　　(17) the exploration, preservation and innovation of germplasm resources and the directional cultivation of new varieties.
　　(18) Livestock and poultry aquaculture and disease prevention and control
　　(19) Deep processing of agricultural products and modern storage and transportation
　　(20) Comprehensive development and utilization of agricultural and forestry biomass
　　(21) Agricultural and Forestry Ecological Security and Modern Forestry
　　(22) Creation of environmentally friendly fertilizers and pesticides and ecological agriculture.
　　(23) Multifunctional agricultural equipment and facilities
　　(24) Agricultural Precision Operation and Informatization
　　(25) Modern dairy industry
　　5. Manufacturing industry
　　(26) Basic parts and common parts
　　(27) Digital and intelligent design and manufacturing
　　(28) Greening, automation and equipment of process industry
　　(29) Recyclable steel process technology and equipment
　　(30) Large-scale offshore engineering technology and equipment
　　(31) Basic raw materials
　　(32) A new generation of information functional materials and devices
　　(33) Key materials and engineering of military supporting.
　　6. Transportation industry
　　(34) Transportation infrastructure construction and maintenance technology and equipment
　　(35) High-speed rail transit system
　　(36) Low energy consumption and new energy vehicles
　　(37) Efficient transportation technology and equipment
　　(38) Intelligent traffic management system
　　(39) Transportation Safety and Emergency Support
　　7. Information industry and modern service industry
　　(40) Modern service industry information support technology and large-scale application software.
　　(41) Key technologies and services of the next generation network
　　(42) High-performance trusted computer
　　(43) Sensor network and intelligent information processing
　　(44) Digital media content platform
　　(45) High-definition large screen flat panel display
　　(46) Information security for core applications
　　8. Population and health
　　(47) Safe contraception and birth defects prevention.
　　(48) prevention and treatment of major non-infectious diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and tumors.
　　(49) Prevention and treatment of common and frequently-occurring diseases in urban and rural communities
　　(50) Inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine.
　　(51) Advanced medical equipment and biomedical materials
　　9. Urbanization and urban development
　　(52) Urban regional planning and dynamic monitoring
　　(53) Urban function promotion and space saving and utilization
　　(54) Building Energy Conservation and Green Building
　　(55) Quality assurance of urban ecological living environment
　　(56) Urban information platform
　　10. Public safety
　　(57) National Public Safety Emergency Information Platform
　　(58) Early warning and rescue of major production accidents
　　(59) Food Safety and Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine
　　(60) Prevention and rapid disposal of public emergencies
　　(61) Biosafety guarantee
　　(62) Monitoring and prevention of major natural disasters
　　11. National defense
　　Fourth, major projects
　　Five, cutting-edge technology
　　1. Biotechnology
　　(1) Target discovery technology
　　(2) Molecular design technology of animal and plant varieties and drugs.
　　(3) Genetic manipulation and protein engineering technology.
　　(4) Human tissue engineering technology based on stem cells.
　　(5) A new generation of industrial biotechnology
　　2. Information technology
　　(6) Intelligent perception technology
　　(7) Self-organizing network technology
　　(8) Virtual reality technology
　　3. New material technology
　　(9) Intelligent materials and structural technology
　　(10) High temperature superconducting technology
　　(11) High-efficiency energy material technology
　　4. Advanced manufacturing technology
　　(12) Extreme manufacturing technology
　　(13) Intelligent service robot
　　(14) Life prediction technology for major products and facilities.
　　5. Advanced energy technology
　　(15) Hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology
　　(16) Distributed energy supply technology
　　(17) Fast neutron reactor technology
　　(18) Magnetic confinement nuclear fusion
　　6. Marine technology
　　(19) Three-dimensional monitoring technology of marine environment
　　(20) Multi-parameter rapid detection technology for ocean bottom.
　　(21) Natural gas hydrate development technology
　　(22) Deep-sea operation technology
　　7. Laser technology
　　8. Aerospace technology
　　VI. Basic research
　　1. Discipline development
　　(1) Basic disciplines
　　(2) interdisciplinary and emerging disciplines
　　2. Frontier issues in science
　　(1) Quantitative research and system integration of life process.
　　(2) condensed matter and new effect
　　(3) the deep structure of matter and the laws of large-scale physics of the universe.
　　(4) Core mathematics and its application in cross fields.
　　(5) Earth system processes and resources, environment and disaster effects.
　　(6) the chemical process of the creation and transformation of new substances
　　(7) brain science and cognitive science
　　(8) Innovation of scientific experiment and observation methods, technologies and equipment.
　　3. Basic research oriented to the major strategic needs of the country
　　(1) the biological basis of human health and disease
　　(2) Scientific problems in agricultural biological genetic improvement and agricultural sustainable development.
　　(3) The influence mechanism of human activities on the earth system.
　　(4) Global change and regional response
　　(5) Complex system, catastrophe formation and its predictive control.
　　(6) Key scientific issues in energy sustainable development.
　　(7) New principles and methods of material design and preparation.
　　(8) Scientific basis of manufacturing under extreme environmental conditions
　　(9) Major mechanical problems in aerospace.
　　(10) the scientific basis for supporting the development of information technology
　　4. Major scientific research plans
　　(1) protein studies.
　　(2) Research on quantum regulation.
　　(3) Nanometer research
　　(4) research on development and reproduction
　　Seven, science and technology system reform and national innovation system construction
　　1 support and encourage enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation.
　　2. Deepen the reform of scientific research institutions and establish a modern scientific research institute system.
　　3. Promote the reform of science and technology management system.
　　4. Comprehensively promote the construction of national innovation system with China characteristics.
　　VIII. Some Important Policies and Measures
　　1. Implement fiscal and taxation policies to encourage technological innovation of enterprises.
　　2. Strengthen the digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technology.
　　3. Implement government procurement to promote independent innovation.
　　4. Implement intellectual property strategy and technical standard strategy.
　　5. Implement financial policies to promote innovation and entrepreneurship.
　　6. Accelerate the industrialization of high-tech and the popularization of advanced and applicable technologies.
　　7. Improve the mechanism of combining the military with the people and integrating the military with the people.
　　8. Expand international and regional scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges.
　　9. Improve the scientific and cultural quality of the whole nation and create a social environment conducive to scientific and technological innovation.
　　Nine, science and technology investment and science and technology basic conditions platform
　　1. Establish a diversified and multi-channel science and technology investment system.
　　2. Adjust and optimize the investment structure to improve the efficiency of the use of science and technology funds.
　　3. Strengthen the construction of science and technology infrastructure platform.
　　4. Establish a sharing mechanism for the platform of basic conditions of science and technology.
　　X. Construction of Talent Team
　　1. Accelerate the training and bring up a group of senior experts with world-leading level.
　　2. Give full play to the important role of education in the cultivation of innovative talents.
　　3. Support enterprises to cultivate and attract scientific and technological talents
　　4. Increase efforts to attract high-level talents studying abroad and overseas.
　　5. Construct a cultural environment conducive to the growth of innovative talents.

　　Starting from the overall situation of building a well-off society in an all-round way and accelerating socialist modernization, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China requires the formulation of a national long-term development plan for science and technology, and the State Council has formulated this outline accordingly.

I. Preface

　　Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, China’s socialist modernization has made great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. At the same time, we must be soberly aware that China is and will be in the primary stage of socialism for a long time. Building a well-off society in an all-round way faces both rare historical opportunities and a series of severe challenges. Economic growth relies too much on energy and resource consumption, resulting in serious environmental pollution; The economic structure is unreasonable, the agricultural foundation is weak, and the development of high-tech industries and modern service industries is lagging behind; The ability of independent innovation is weak, the core competitiveness of enterprises is not strong, and the economic benefits need to be improved. There are many difficulties and problems to be solved urgently in expanding employment, rationalizing distribution relations, providing health protection and ensuring national security. Internationally, China will also face great pressure from developed countries to have advantages in economy, science and technology for a long time. In order to seize the opportunity and meet the challenge, we need to make various efforts, including overall development, deepening system reform, improving democracy and legal system, and strengthening social management. At the same time, more than ever, we need to rely on scientific and technological progress and innovation to drive a qualitative leap in productivity and promote comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable economic and social development.
　　Science and technology are the primary productive forces, the concentrated expression and main symbol of advanced productive forces. In the 21st century, the new scientific and technological revolution is developing rapidly, which is gestating a new major breakthrough and will profoundly change the face of economy and society. The development of information science and technology is in the ascendant, and it is still the leading force of sustained economic growth; The rapid development of life science and biotechnology will play a key role in improving and improving the quality of human life; Energy science and technology are heating up again, opening up new ways to solve the world’s energy and environmental problems; New breakthroughs in nano-science and technology will come one after another, which will bring profound technological revolution. Major breakthroughs in basic research have opened up new prospects for technological and economic development. The speed of application and transformation of science and technology is accelerating, creating new opportunities for catching up and leapfrogging. Therefore, we should stand in the forefront of the times and meet the opportunities and challenges brought by the new scientific and technological revolution with a world perspective. Throughout the world, many countries regard strengthening scientific and technological innovation as a national strategy and investment in science and technology as a strategic investment, greatly increase investment in science and technology, deploy and develop cutting-edge technologies and strategic industries in advance, implement major scientific and technological plans, and strive to enhance national innovation capability and international competitiveness. Facing the new international situation, we must strengthen our sense of responsibility and urgency, take scientific and technological progress as the primary driving force for economic and social development more consciously and firmly, take improving the ability of independent innovation as the central link in adjusting the economic structure, changing the growth mode and improving the national competitiveness, and take building an innovative country as a major strategic choice facing the future.
　　Over the past 50 years since the founding of New China, China’s scientific and technological undertakings have made encouraging achievements through the arduous and sustained struggle of several generations. A large number of major scientific and technological achievements marked by "two bombs and one satellite", manned spaceflight, hybrid rice, theory and application of land-based oil generation, and high-performance computers have greatly enhanced China’s comprehensive national strength, improved China’s international status and inspired our national spirit. At the same time, we must also realize that compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap in the overall level of science and technology in China, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the self-sufficiency rate of key technologies is low, and the number of invention patents is small; In some areas, especially rural areas in the central and western regions, the technical level is still relatively backward; The quality of scientific research is not high enough, and outstanding top-notch talents are scarce; At the same time, the investment in science and technology is insufficient, and there are still many drawbacks in the system and mechanism. At present, although China is an economic power, it is not yet an economic power. One fundamental reason lies in its weak innovation ability.
　　In the 21st century, China, as a large developing country, needs a long period of hard work to accelerate the development of science and technology and narrow the gap with developed countries, and at the same time, it also has many favorable conditions. First, China’s sustained and rapid economic growth and social progress have put forward great demand for scientific and technological development and laid a solid foundation for scientific and technological development. Second, China has established a relatively complete discipline system and is rich in human resources. The research and development capabilities in some important fields have ranked among the world’s advanced ranks and have the foundation and ability for the great development of science and technology. Third, we will persist in opening to the outside world and become increasingly active in international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, so that we can share the fruits of the new scientific and technological revolution. Fourth, adhering to the socialist system can combine the political advantage of concentrating on doing great things with the basic role of market mechanism in effectively allocating resources, and provide important institutional guarantee for the prosperity and development of science and technology. Fifth, the Chinese nation has a history of 5,000 years of civilization, and Chinese culture is profound and inclusive, which is more conducive to the formation of a unique innovative culture. As long as we strengthen our national self-confidence, implement Scientific Outlook on Development, thoroughly implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and the strategy of strengthening the country through talents, and catch up and catch up, we will certainly be able to create brilliant scientific and technological achievements worthy of the times after 15 years or even longer.

II. Guiding Principles, Development Goals and Overall Deployment

　　1. Guidelines
　　The first 20 years of this century is an important period of strategic opportunities for China’s economic and social development, as well as for the development of science and technology. Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, we should implement Scientific Outlook on Development, fully implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and the strategy of strengthening the country through talents, base ourselves on the national conditions, put people first, deepen reform and open wider to the outside world, promote the vigorous development of China’s scientific and technological undertakings, and provide strong scientific and technological support for achieving the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way and building a harmonious socialist society.
　　In the next 15 years, the guiding principles of scientific and technological work are: independent innovation, key leapfrogging, supporting development and leading the future. Independent innovation means strengthening original innovation, integrated innovation, introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation from the perspective of enhancing national innovation ability. The key leap is to persist in doing something and not doing something, choose key areas with certain foundation and advantages, which are related to the national economy, people’s livelihood and national security, concentrate on key breakthroughs, and achieve leap-forward development. Supporting development means starting from the urgent needs of reality, making efforts to break through major key and common technologies and supporting sustained and coordinated economic and social development. Leading the future means focusing on the long-term, deploying cutting-edge technologies and basic research in advance, creating new market demand, cultivating emerging industries and leading the future economic and social development. This policy is a summary of the practical experience of China’s scientific and technological development for more than half a century and an important choice for facing the future and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
　　It is necessary to put improving the ability of independent innovation in a prominent position in all scientific and technological work. The party and government have always attached importance to and advocated independent innovation. To promote socialist modernization under the conditions of opening to the outside world, we must seriously study and fully draw lessons from all outstanding achievements of human civilization. Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, China has introduced a large number of technologies and equipment, which has played an important role in improving the level of industrial technology and promoting economic development. However, we must be soberly aware that only introducing without paying attention to the digestion, absorption and re-innovation of technology will inevitably weaken the ability of independent research and development and widen the gap with the advanced level in the world. Facts tell us that real core technologies can’t be bought in key areas related to the lifeline of the national economy and national security. In order to take the initiative in the fierce international competition, China must improve its independent innovation ability, master a number of core technologies in some important fields, own a number of independent intellectual property rights, and create a number of enterprises with international competitiveness. In a word, we must take improving the ability of independent innovation as a national strategy, and implement it in all aspects of modernization, industries and regions, and greatly improve the national competitiveness.
　　Scientific and technological talents are the key to improve the ability of independent innovation. It is necessary to create a good environment and conditions, cultivate and unite all kinds of scientific and technological talents, especially outstanding top-notch talents, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of the vast number of scientific and technological personnel as the primary task of scientific and technological work, strive to create a good situation in which talents come forth in large numbers and make the best use of their talents, and strive to build a large-scale and well-structured team of high-quality scientific and technological talents suitable for economic and social development and national defense construction, so as to provide sufficient talent support and intellectual guarantee for China’s scientific and technological development.
　　2. Development goals
　　By 2020, the overall goal of China’s science and technology development is: the ability of independent innovation will be significantly enhanced, and the ability of science and technology to promote economic and social development and safeguard national security will be significantly enhanced, providing strong support for building a well-off society in an all-round way; The comprehensive strength of basic science and cutting-edge technology research has been significantly enhanced, and a number of scientific and technological achievements with great influence in the world have been achieved, which has entered the ranks of innovative countries and laid the foundation for becoming a world science and technology power in the middle of this century.
　　After 15 years of hard work, we have achieved the following goals in some important aspects of science and technology in China: First, we have mastered a number of core technologies of equipment manufacturing and information industry that are related to national competitiveness, and the technical level of manufacturing and information industry has entered the advanced ranks in the world. Second, the overall strength of agricultural science and technology has entered the forefront of the world, promoting the improvement of comprehensive agricultural production capacity and effectively ensuring national food safety. Third, breakthroughs have been made in energy development, energy-saving technology and clean energy technology, and the energy structure has been optimized. The unit energy consumption index of major industrial products has reached or approached the world advanced level. Fourth, the technological development model of circular economy should be established in key industries and cities to provide scientific and technological support for building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. Fifth, the level of prevention and treatment of major diseases has been significantly improved, major diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis have been curbed, breakthroughs have been made in the creation of new drugs and the development of key medical devices, and they have the technical capacity for industrial development. Sixth, national defense science and technology basically meet the needs of independent research and information construction of modern weapons and equipment, and provide guarantee for safeguarding national security. Seventh, a number of world-class scientists and research teams have emerged, and a number of innovative achievements with great influence have been achieved in the mainstream direction of scientific development. The cutting-edge technologies in the fields of information, biology, materials and aerospace have reached the world advanced level. Eight is to build a number of world-class research institutes and universities and internationally competitive enterprise research and development institutions, and form a relatively complete national innovation system with China characteristics.
　　By 2020, the proportion of the whole society’s research and development investment in GDP will increase to over 2.5%, and the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress will reach over 60%, and the dependence on foreign technology will be reduced to below 30%. The number of domestic invention patents granted annually and the number of international scientific papers cited will both rank among the top five in the world.
　　3. Overall deployment
　　In the next 15 years, the overall deployment of China’s science and technology development: First, based on China’s national conditions and needs, identify a number of key areas, break through a number of major key technologies, and comprehensively enhance the support capacity of science and technology. This outline identifies 11 key areas of national economic and social development, and selects 68 priority themes with clear tasks and possible technological breakthroughs in the near future for key arrangements. Second, aim at the national goal, implement some major special projects, realize leap-forward development and fill the gap. There are 16 major projects in this program. The third is to meet future challenges, deploy cutting-edge technologies and basic research in advance, improve the ability of continuous innovation, and lead economic and social development. This outline focuses on 27 cutting-edge technologies and 18 basic scientific problems in 8 technical fields, and proposes to implement 4 major scientific research plans. Fourth, deepen system reform, improve policies and measures, increase investment in science and technology, strengthen the construction of talent team, promote the construction of national innovation system, and provide reliable guarantee for China to enter the ranks of innovative countries.
　　According to the urgent need of building a well-off society in an all-round way, the development trend of science and technology in the world and China’s national strength, we must grasp the strategic focus of science and technology development. First, give priority to the development of energy, water resources and environmental protection technologies, and make up your mind to solve major bottlenecks that restrict economic and social development. Second, seize the rare opportunity of upgrading information technology and the rapid development of new material technology in the next few years, and take the acquisition of independent intellectual property rights of core technologies in equipment manufacturing and information industry as a breakthrough to improve China’s industrial competitiveness. Third, take biotechnology as the focus of catching up with high-tech industries in the future, and strengthen the application of biotechnology in agriculture, industry, population and health. The fourth is to accelerate the development of aerospace and marine technology. The fifth is to strengthen the research of basic science and cutting-edge technology, especially interdisciplinary research.

III. Key areas and their priority themes

　　On the basis of overall arrangement and overall promotion, the development of science and technology in China should plan and lay out key areas and their priority themes, so as to provide comprehensive and powerful support for solving urgent problems in economic and social development.
　　Key areas refer to industries and trades that are developing in a key way in national economy, social development and national defense security, and urgently need the support of science and technology. Priority themes refer to technical groups that are in urgent need of development in key areas, with clear tasks, good technical foundation and breakthrough in the near future. Principles for determining the priority theme: First, it is conducive to breaking through bottlenecks and improving the ability of sustainable economic development. Second, it is conducive to mastering key technologies and common technologies and improving the core competitiveness of the industry. Third, it is conducive to solving major public welfare scientific and technological problems and improving public service capabilities. Fourth, it is conducive to the development of dual-use technologies for military and civilian purposes and the improvement of national security capabilities.
　　1. Energy
　　Energy has a particularly important strategic position in the national economy. At present, the contradiction between energy supply and demand in China is sharp and the structure is unreasonable; Low energy utilization efficiency; The primary energy consumption is mainly coal, and the massive consumption of fossil energy causes serious environmental pollution. In the next 15 years, meeting the sustained and rapid growth of energy demand and clean and efficient use of energy will pose a major challenge to the development of energy science and technology.
　　Development ideas: (1) Adhere to the priority of energy conservation and reduce energy consumption. Overcome key energy-saving technologies in major energy-consuming areas, actively develop building energy-saving technologies, and vigorously improve primary energy utilization efficiency and terminal energy utilization efficiency. (2) Promote diversification of energy structure and increase energy supply. While improving the level of oil and gas development and utilization and hydropower technology, we will vigorously develop nuclear energy technology and form the independent development capability of nuclear power system technology. Renewable energy technologies such as wind energy, solar energy and biomass energy have made breakthroughs and achieved large-scale application. (3) Promote clean and efficient utilization of coal and reduce environmental pollution. Vigorously develop clean, efficient and safe coal development and utilization technology, and strive to reach the international advanced level. (4) Strengthen digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technologies for energy equipment. Overcome the core technologies of advanced coal-fired power, nuclear power and other major equipment manufacturing. (5) Improve the technical ability of energy regional optimal allocation. Focus on the development of safe and reliable advanced power transmission and distribution technology to realize large-capacity, long-distance and high-efficiency power transmission and distribution.
　　Priority theme:
　　(1) Industrial energy saving
　　Focus on the research and development of energy-saving technologies and equipment in metallurgical, chemical and other process industries, transportation and other major high-energy-consuming fields, energy-saving technologies for electromechanical products, semiconductor lighting products with high efficiency and long life, and energy cascade comprehensive utilization technologies.
　　(2) Clean and efficient development and utilization, liquefaction and polygeneration of coal.
　　Focus on the research and development of high-efficiency coal mining technology and supporting equipment, heavy gas turbines, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), high-parameter ultra-supercritical units, supercritical large-scale circulating fluidized bed and other high-efficiency power generation technologies and equipment, and vigorously develop coal liquefaction, coal gasification, coal chemical conversion technologies, polygeneration system technology based on coal gasification, and technologies and equipment for comprehensive control and utilization of coal-fired pollutants.
　　(3) Exploration, development and utilization of oil and gas resources in complex geology
　　Focus on the development of oil and gas resources exploration technology in complex environment and lithologic strata, large-scale low-grade oil and gas resources efficient development technology, technology to greatly improve the recovery rate of old oil fields, and deep oil and gas resources exploration and exploitation technology.
　　(4) low-cost large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy.
　　Focus on the research and development of large-scale wind power generation equipment, coastal and onshore wind farms and the construction technology and equipment of wind energy-intensive areas in the west, cost-effective solar photovoltaic cells and utilization technology, solar thermal power generation technology, solar building integration technology, biomass energy and geothermal energy and other development and utilization technologies.
　　(5) Ultra-large-scale power transmission and distribution and power grid security
　　Focus on the research and development of large-capacity long-distance DC transmission technology and UHV AC transmission technology and equipment, intermittent power grid connection and transmission and distribution technology, power quality monitoring and control technology, large-scale interconnected power grid security technology, major key technologies in the west-to-east power transmission project, power grid dispatching automation technology, and efficient distribution and power supply management information technology and system.
　　2. Water and mineral resources
　　Resources such as water and minerals are important material bases for sustainable economic and social development. China’s water and mineral resources are in serious shortage; The comprehensive utilization rate of resources is low, the comprehensive utilization rate of mine resources and the utilization rate of agricultural irrigation water are far below the world advanced level; The geological conditions of resource exploration are complex and the difficulty is increasing. It is urgent to vigorously strengthen the research on resources exploration, development and utilization technology and improve the utilization rate of resources.
　　Development ideas: (1) Adhere to the priority of resource conservation. Focus on the study of efficient agricultural water saving and urban water recycling technology, and develop water resources development technologies such as inter-basin water transfer, rainwater utilization and seawater desalination. (2) Break through the limitation of complex geological conditions and expand the existing resource reserves. Focus on the study of geological and metallogenic laws, develop deep edge evaluation and efficient exploration technology of mines, rapid exploration technology of complex conditions such as Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and strive to find a number of large reserve resource bases and increase the supply of resources; Develop technologies for efficient mining and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of water and mineral resources. (3) Actively develop and utilize non-traditional resources. We will overcome key technologies for the development and utilization of new resources such as coalbed methane and marine minerals, and improve the research and development capabilities of new resource utilization technologies. (4) Strengthen the innovation of resources exploration and development equipment. Actively develop high-precision exploration and drilling equipment, large-scale mining machinery, offshore development platforms and other technologies, so that major equipment for resource exploration and development can reach the international advanced level.
　　Priority theme:
　　(6) Optimal allocation and comprehensive development and utilization of water resources
　　Focus on the research and development of atmospheric water, surface water, soil water and groundwater transformation mechanism and optimal allocation technology, sewage, rainwater resource utilization technology, artificial precipitation enhancement technology, comprehensive management of major rivers such as the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and key technologies for the management and development of major water conservancy projects across the basin such as South-to-North Water Transfer Project.
　　(7) Comprehensive water saving
　　Focus on the research and development of industrial water recycling technology and water-saving production technology; Develop comprehensive supporting technologies for irrigation water saving, dry farming water saving and biological water saving, and focus on breaking through precision irrigation technology and intelligent agricultural water management technology and equipment; Strengthen the development of domestic water-saving technologies and appliances.
　　(8) Seawater desalination
　　Focus on the research and development of seawater pretreatment technology, nuclear energy coupling and cogeneration heat method, membrane low-cost desalination technology and key materials, comprehensive utilization technology of concentrated brine, etc. Develop seawater desalination thermal energy equipment, seawater desalination equipment and multi-coupled key equipment that can be applied on a large scale.
　　(9) Resource exploration and storage increase
　　Focus on the study of metallogenic regularity and prediction technology of mineral resources, develop airborne geophysical exploration technology, and develop fast, comprehensive and deep exploration technologies such as three-dimensional high-resolution earthquake, high-precision geomagnetism and geochemistry.
　　(10) Efficient development and utilization of mineral resources
　　Focus on the study of mining technology and comprehensive technology of non-waste mining for deep and complex ore bodies, develop new technology and large-scale equipment for efficient and automatic beneficiation and smelting, and develop high-efficiency utilization technology of low-grade and complex refractory resources and comprehensive utilization technology of mineral resources.
　　(11) Efficient development and utilization of marine resources
　　Focus on the research and development of shallow subtle oil and gas reservoir exploration technology and comprehensive technology of enhanced oil recovery in heavy oil fields, the development of marine biological resources protection and efficient utilization technology, the development of seawater direct utilization technology and comprehensive utilization technology of seawater chemical resources.
　　(12) Comprehensive resource zoning
　　Focus on the comprehensive optimal allocation technology of water and soil resources, agricultural production, ecology and environmental protection, carry out multivariable and large-scale regional resource allocation optimization analysis technology for regional spatial distribution matching of water and soil resources in China, and establish technical prediction and decision-making models for optimal development of water and soil resources in different regions.
　　3. Environment
　　Improving ecology and environment is an important issue related to the sustainable development of economy and society and the improvement of people’s quality of life. China’s environmental pollution is serious; The degradation of ecosystem has intensified; The capacity of harmless treatment of pollutants is low; Global environmental problems have become the focus of international attention, and it is urgent to improve China’s ability to participate in global environmental change cooperation. Realizing sustained and rapid economic growth on the premise of improving the overall environmental situation puts forward great strategic demand for environmental science and technology innovation.
　　Development ideas: (1) Guide and support the development of circular economy. Vigorously develop cleaner production integration technology in heavily polluting industries, strengthen waste reduction, resource utilization and safe disposal, and strengthen the research on common technologies for developing circular economy. (2) Implementing comprehensive management of regional environment. We will carry out technical integration and demonstration of comprehensive treatment of water environment in river basins and regional atmospheric environmental pollution, and comprehensive treatment of typical degraded ecological areas, develop drinking water safety protection technology and ecological and environmental monitoring and early warning technology, and greatly improve the scientific and technological support capacity for improving environmental quality. (3) Promote the development of environmental protection industry. Focus on major environmental protection equipment and instruments suitable for China’s national conditions, increase the market share of domestic environmental protection products, and improve the technical level of environmental protection equipment. (4) Actively participate in international environmental cooperation. Strengthen the research on global environmental convention implementation countermeasures and scientific uncertainty of climate change and its impact, develop global environmental change monitoring and greenhouse gas emission reduction technologies, and enhance the ability to cope with environmental change and implement the convention.
　　Priority theme:
　　(13) Comprehensive pollution control and waste recycling.
　　Focus on the development of regional environmental quality monitoring and early warning technologies, break through key technologies such as air pollution control in urban agglomerations, develop unconventional pollutant control technologies, waste and other resource utilization technologies, integrate clean production technologies in heavily polluting industries, and establish a technical demonstration model for developing circular economy.
　　(14) Restoration and reconstruction of ecosystem functions in ecologically fragile areas.
　　Focus on the development of dynamic monitoring technology of ecosystems in typical ecologically fragile areas such as karst areas, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Yellow River, Loess Plateau, desert and desertification areas, farming-pastoral ecotone and mineral mining areas, grassland degradation and rodent control technology, restoration and reconstruction technology of degraded ecosystems, ecological protection and restoration technology along major projects such as Three Gorges Project and Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and complex mining areas, establish technical support models for the recovery and continuous improvement of different types of ecosystem functions, and build a comprehensive evaluation and technical evaluation system of ecosystem functions.
　　(15) Marine ecology and environmental protection
　　Focus on the development of marine ecological and environmental monitoring technology and equipment, strengthen the research on marine ecological and environmental protection technology, develop offshore ecological and environmental protection, restoration and emergency treatment technology for marine emergencies, and develop high-precision numerical prediction technology for marine dynamic environment.
　　(16) Global environmental change monitoring and countermeasures
　　Focus on the research and development of large-scale environmental change accurate monitoring technology, emission control and disposal and utilization technology of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane in major industries, biological carbon sequestration technology and carbon sequestration engineering technology, and carry out countermeasures such as climate change, biodiversity protection, ozone layer protection and persistent organic pollutants control.
　　4. Agriculture
　　Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. The hard constraints of natural resources in China are constantly strengthening, and the per capita cultivated land and water resources are obviously lower than the world average; The demand for major agricultural products such as grain and cotton is growing rigidly, and the pressure of increasing agricultural production, increasing farmers’ income and enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural products will exist for a long time; Unreasonable agricultural structure, low level of industrialization development and low added value of agricultural products; The ecological and environmental conditions are still grim, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of agriculture; The problems of food safety and ecological safety are outstanding. China’s basic national conditions and the severe challenges it faces determine that we must take scientific and technological progress as a fundamental measure to solve the problems concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers, vigorously improve the level of agricultural science and technology, intensify the promotion of advanced and applicable technologies, break through the resource constraints, continuously improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, and accelerate the pace of building modern agriculture.
　　Development ideas: (1) Promote the upgrading of conventional agricultural technology with high and new technology, and continuously improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity. Focus on the application research of biotechnology, strengthen the integration and matching of agricultural technologies, break through the key technologies of major crop breeding and efficient production, animal husbandry and aquatic breeding, healthy breeding and disease control, develop agricultural diversification and compound management, and improve the quality of agricultural products while ensuring continuous increase in output. (2) Extend the agricultural industrial chain, and promote the overall improvement of agricultural industrialization level and comprehensive agricultural benefits. Focus on the development of key technologies for intensive processing of agricultural products, postpartum impairment and industrialization of green supply chain, develop advanced technology and equipment for agricultural products processing and safety monitoring technology, develop agricultural products processing industry and modern circulation industry led by healthy food, and expand the space for farmers to increase their income. (3) Comprehensive development of agro-forestry ecological technology to ensure agro-forestry ecological security. Focus on the development of environmentally-friendly fertilizers, pesticide creation technology and precision operation technology and equipment, the development of agricultural and forestry residues resource utilization technology, and the comprehensive improvement technology of agricultural environment, promote the development of emerging agricultural industries, and improve the quality of agricultural and forestry ecological environment. (4) Actively develop factory farming and improve agricultural labor productivity. Focus on the study of agricultural environment regulation, super-high yield and high efficiency cultivation and other protected agricultural technologies, develop modern multifunctional compound agricultural machinery, and accelerate the integrated application of agricultural information technology.
　　Priority theme:
　　(17) the exploration, preservation and innovation of germplasm resources and the directional cultivation of new varieties.
　　Focus on research and development of excellent germplasm resources of major crops, forests and grasses, livestock and poultry and aquatic products, molecular evaluation technology of germplasm resources, molecular breeding technology of animals and plants and directional hybridization breeding technology, large-scale seed production, breeding technology and comprehensive seed processing technology.
　　(18) Livestock and poultry aquaculture and disease prevention and control
　　Focus on the research and development of safe, high-quality and efficient feed and large-scale healthy breeding technologies and facilities, create efficient and specific vaccines, efficient and safe veterinary drugs and devices, develop epidemiological early warning and monitoring, quarantine diagnosis, immune prevention and control, regional purification and eradication technologies for animal diseases and zoonosis, break through offshore beach and shallow water aquaculture technologies, and develop offshore fishing and offshore storage and processing technologies and equipment.
　　(19) Deep processing of agricultural products and modern storage and transportation
　　Focus on the research and development of deep and clean ecological processing technology and equipment for major agricultural products and agricultural and forestry specialty resources, technologies and facilities for post-harvest loss and green storage and transportation of grain and oil, preservation and logistics distribution of fresh agricultural products and corresponding cold chain transportation system technologies.
　　(20) Comprehensive development and utilization of agricultural and forestry biomass
　　Focus on the research and development of high-efficiency, low-cost, large-scale key technologies for cultivation, collection and transformation of agricultural and forestry biomass, key technologies for production of biomass energy such as biogas, solidified and liquefied fuels, new bio-based materials and chemical products, technologies for recycling rural garbage and sewage, and the development of biogas power station equipment and new bio-based materials and equipment with independent intellectual property rights.
　　(21) Agricultural and Forestry Ecological Security and Modern Forestry
　　Focus on the research and development of agro-forestry ecosystem construction technology, comprehensive regulation technology of forest and grass ecosystem, monitoring and prevention technology of ecological disasters and meteorological disasters such as forest and grassland fires, agricultural and forestry pests and diseases, especially alien invasion, eco-forest products economic sustainable management technology, artificial grassland efficient planting technology and high-quality grass production technology, and develop environmentally-friendly bamboo-based composite materials technology.
　　(22) Creation of environmentally friendly fertilizers and pesticides and ecological agriculture.
　　Focus on the research and development of key technologies for the creation of environmentally-friendly fertilizers and pesticides, special compound (mixed) slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers, fertilization technologies and related equipment, comprehensive, efficient, durable and safe integrated pest control technologies, and establish a pest detection and early warning system and a system for preventing the invasion of alien pests; Develop eco-agricultural technology focusing on improving soil fertility, reducing soil pollution, soil erosion and functional recovery of degraded grassland.
　　(23) Multifunctional agricultural equipment and facilities
　　Focus on the research and development of multifunctional key equipment suitable for China’s agricultural characteristics, economic agricultural and forestry power machinery, positioning variable operation intelligent machinery and healthy farming facilities technology and equipment, protective farming machinery and technology, greenhouse facilities and supporting technology and equipment.
　　(24) Agricultural Precision Operation and Informatization
　　Focus on the research and development of digital collection technology of animal and plant growth and ecological environment information, real-time soil water and fertilizer photothermal detection technology, precision operation and management technology system, remote digital and visual information service technology and equipment in rural areas, agriculture and forestry ecosystem monitoring technology and virtual agriculture technology.
　　(25) Modern dairy industry
　　Focus on the research and development of high-quality bull breeding and rapid propagation technology of dairy embryo industrialization, special feed for dairy cows, efficient utilization of pasture, disease prevention and large-scale feeding management technology, and develop deep processing technology and equipment for dairy products.
　　5. Manufacturing industry
　　Manufacturing is the main pillar of the national economy. China is a manufacturing power in the world, but it is not yet a manufacturing power; The manufacturing technology foundation is weak and the innovation ability is not strong; Products are mainly low-end; The manufacturing process consumes a lot of resources and energy and causes serious pollution.
　　Development ideas: (1) Improve the capability of equipment design, manufacturing and integration. Taking the promotion of enterprise technological innovation as the breakthrough point, through technical research, the independent design and manufacture of high-grade CNC machine tools, working machines, major complete sets of technical equipment, key materials and key parts will be basically realized. (2) Actively develop green manufacturing. Accelerate the application of related technologies in the whole life cycle of materials and product development and design, processing and manufacturing, sales service and recycling, and form a new manufacturing process with high efficiency, energy saving, environmental protection and recycling. The level of resource consumption and environmental load of manufacturing industry has entered the international advanced ranks. (3) Transforming and upgrading the manufacturing industry with high technology. Vigorously promote the informatization of manufacturing industry, actively develop basic raw materials, greatly improve product grade, technical content and added value, and comprehensively improve the overall technical level of manufacturing industry.
　　Priority theme:
　　(26) Basic parts and common parts
　　Focus on the key technologies of design, manufacturing and mass production of key basic parts and general components needed for the development of major equipment, and develop the forming and processing technologies of large and special parts, the design and manufacturing technologies of general components and high-precision testing instruments.
　　(27) Digital and intelligent design and manufacturing
　　Focus on digital design and manufacturing integration technology, and establish digital and intelligent design and manufacturing platforms for products in several industries. Develop digital and intelligent innovative design methods and technologies, computer-aided engineering analysis and process design technologies, and integrated design, manufacturing and management technologies for the whole product life cycle under the network environment.
　　(28) Greening, automation and equipment of process industry
　　Focus on the research and development of green process manufacturing technology, processes, processes and equipment that efficiently clean and make full use of resources, corresponding process amplification technology, system integration and automation technology based on the concept of eco-industry, sensors, intelligent detection and control technology, equipment and control system needed by process industry. Develop large-scale cracking furnace technology, complete sets of technology and equipment for large-scale steam cracking ethylene production, and energy-saving process and equipment for large-scale fertilizer production.
　　(29) Recyclable steel process technology and equipment
　　Focus on the research and development of a new generation of recyclable steel process based on melting reduction and optimal utilization of resources, which integrates three functions of product manufacturing, energy conversion and social waste recycling, as a typical demonstration of circular economy. Develop secondary resource recycling technology, metallurgical process gas power generation and low calorific value steam cascade utilization technology, high efficiency and low cost clean steel production technology, non-caking coal coking technology, integrated design, manufacturing and system coupling technology of large plate continuous casting machine and continuous rolling mill, etc.
　　(30) Large-scale offshore engineering technology and equipment
　　(31) Basic raw materials
　　Focus on the research and development of high-performance composite materials and the preparation technology of large and super-large composite structural parts that meet the development needs of basic industries of the national economy, high-performance engineering plastics, light and high-strength metal and inorganic non-metallic structural materials, high-purity materials, rare earth materials, petrochemical, fine chemical and catalytic, separation materials, textile materials and application technologies, and green materials with environmental protection and health functions.
　　(32) A new generation of information functional materials and devices
　　(33) Key materials and engineering of military supporting.
　　6. Transportation industry
　　Transportation is the lifeblood of the national economy. At present, there is a big gap between China’s main transportation equipment and core technology level and the world’s advanced level; Insufficient transportation supply capacity; The construction of comprehensive transportation system lags behind, and various modes of transportation lack comprehensive coordination; Traffic energy consumption and environmental pollution are serious problems. Building a well-off society in an all-round way puts forward higher requirements for transportation, and transportation technology faces great strategic needs.
　　Development ideas: (1) Improve the independent innovation capability of aircraft, automobiles, ships and rail transit equipment. (2) To provide smooth and convenient humanized transportation services as the core, strengthen overall planning, develop information and intelligent technology of transportation system, safe and high-speed transportation technology, improve transportation network capacity and transportation efficiency, realize traffic information sharing and effective connection of various modes of transportation, improve the technical level of traffic operation management, and develop comprehensive transportation. (3) Promote the development of transportation in the direction of energy saving, environmental protection and safer, and make major breakthroughs in key technologies in transportation security, resource conservation and environmental protection, which are widely used. (4) Around the major national transportation infrastructure construction, we should break through the key technologies of construction and maintenance, improve the construction quality and reduce the life-cycle cost.
　　Priority theme:
　　(34) Transportation infrastructure construction and maintenance technology and equipment
　　Focus on the research and development of key technologies and equipment for the construction and maintenance of difficult transportation infrastructure such as rail transit, cross-bay passage, offshore deep-water port, large airport, large bridges and tunnels, integrated three-dimensional transportation hub and deep-sea oil and gas pipeline.
　　(35) High-speed rail transit system
　　Focus on the research and development of high-speed rail transit control and speed regulation system, vehicle manufacturing, line construction and system integration and other key technologies to form a complete set of system technologies. Carry out engineering operation test and master operation control, line construction and system integration technology.
　　(36) Low energy consumption and new energy vehicles
　　Focus on the research and development of hybrid vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, vehicle design, integration and manufacturing technology, power system integration and control technology, vehicle computing platform technology, high-efficiency and low-emission internal combustion engines, fuel cell engines, power batteries, drive motors and other key components technology, new energy vehicle experimental testing and infrastructure technology.
　　(37) Efficient transportation technology and equipment
　　Focus on the research and development of heavy-duty trains, high-powered locomotives, special heavy vehicles, urban rail transit, large-scale high-tech ships, large-scale ocean-going fishing vessels and marine scientific research vessels, low-altitude multi-purpose general aviation aircraft, high-viscosity crude oil and multiphase pipeline transportation systems and other new vehicles.
　　(38) Intelligent traffic management system
　　Focus on the development of comprehensive transportation information platform and information resource sharing technology, modern logistics technology, urban traffic management system, automobile intelligence technology and a new generation of air traffic management system.
　　(39) Transportation Safety and Emergency Support
　　Focus on the development of traffic accident prevention and early warning, emergency treatment technology, the development of active and passive safety technology of means of transport, traffic accident reproduction technology, traffic emergency response system and rapid search and rescue technology.
　　7. Information industry and modern service industry
　　Developing information industry and modern service industry is the key to promoting new industrialization. The rapid development of national economy and social informatization and modern service industry puts forward higher requirements for the development of information technology.
　　Development ideas: (1) Break through the core technologies that restrict the development of the information industry, master the core technologies such as integrated circuits and key components, large-scale software, high-performance computing, broadband wireless mobile communication, and next-generation network, and improve the independent development capability and overall technical level. (2) Strengthen the integration and innovation of information technology products, improve the design and manufacturing level, focus on solving the problems of scalability, ease of use and low cost of information technology products, cultivate new technologies and new businesses, and improve the competitiveness of the information industry. (3) Guided by application demand, attach importance to and strengthen integrated innovation, develop technologies and key products that support and drive the development of modern service industry, and promote the transformation and technological upgrading of traditional industries. (4) Focus on developing highly trusted networks, develop network information security technologies and related products, establish an information security technology guarantee system, and have the technical ability to prevent various information security emergencies.
　　Priority theme:
　　(40) Modern service industry information support technology and large-scale application software.
　　Focus on the research and development of highly trusted network software platforms and key technologies such as large-scale application supporting software, middleware, embedded software, grid computing platform and infrastructure, software system integration, which are needed for the development of modern service industries such as finance, logistics, online education, media, medical care, tourism, e-government and e-commerce, and provide overall solutions.
　　(41) Key technologies and services of the next generation network
　　Focus on the development of high-performance core network equipment and transmission equipment, access equipment, and key technologies in scalability, security, mobility, service quality, operation management, etc., establish a credible network management system, develop equipment and systems such as intelligent terminals and home networks, and support broadband, secure and ubiquitous new services and applications such as multimedia and network computing.
　　(42) High-performance trusted computer
　　Focus on the development of computing methods and theories with advanced concepts, develop supercomputer systems and new generation server systems based on new concepts, which have the ability of floating-point operations of more than one trillion times per second and are efficient and credible, and develop key technologies such as new architecture, mass storage and system fault tolerance.
　　(43) Sensor network and intelligent information processing
　　Focus on developing a variety of new sensors and advanced bar code automatic identification, radio frequency tags, intelligent information processing technology based on a variety of sensor information, develop low-cost sensor networks and real-time information processing systems, and provide a more convenient and powerful information service platform and environment.
　　(44) Digital media content platform
　　Focus on the development of key technologies of digital media content processing oriented to the cultural and entertainment consumer market and radio and television undertakings, with video and audio information services as the main body, and develop a modern media information comprehensive content platform that is easy to interact and exchange, has copyright protection function and is easy to manage.
　　(45) High-definition large screen flat panel display
　　Focus on developing high-definition large-screen display products, develop various flat-panel and projection display technologies such as organic light-emitting display, field emission display and laser display, and establish an industrial chain of flat-panel display materials and devices.
　　(46) Information security for core applications
　　Focus on the research and development of national basic information networks and security technologies in important information systems, and develop network survival, active real-time protection, safe storage, network virus prevention, malicious attack prevention, network trust system and new cryptographic technologies under complex large-scale systems.
　　8. Population and health
　　Stabilizing the low fertility level, improving the quality of the birth population and effectively preventing and treating major diseases are the inevitable requirements for building a harmonious society. To control the population and improve the population quality and the health level of the whole people, science and technology are urgently needed to provide strong support.
　　Development ideas: (1) Control the number of births and improve the quality of births. Focus on the development of key technologies such as fertility monitoring and reproductive health, and develop a series of reproductive medicines, instruments and health care products to provide effective scientific and technological guarantee for controlling the population within 1.5 billion and the birth defect rate below 3%. (2) The center of gravity of disease prevention and control has moved forward, and prevention is the priority, and health promotion is combined with disease prevention and control. Study the key technologies of prevention and early diagnosis, and significantly improve the ability of diagnosis and prevention of major diseases. (3) Strengthen the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine and promote the modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine. Based on the inheritance and development of traditional Chinese medicine theory, through technological innovation and multidisciplinary integration, we can enrich and develop traditional Chinese medicine theory, build technical methods and standard system suitable for the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, improve clinical efficacy and promote the healthy development of traditional Chinese medicine industry. (4) Develop major new drugs and advanced medical equipment. We will overcome the key technologies for the creation of new drugs, large-scale medical devices, medical materials and drug release systems, accelerate the establishment and improvement of the national pharmaceutical creation technology platform, and promote the independent innovation of major new drugs and medical devices.
　　Priority theme:
　　(47) Safe contraception and birth defects prevention.
　　Focus on the development of safe and effective new contraceptive technologies and products, as well as new contraceptive technologies that take into account the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, efficient and non-invasive early screening, detection and diagnosis technologies for birth defects, and biological treatment technologies for genetic diseases.
　　(48) prevention and treatment of major non-infectious diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and tumors.
　　Focus on the research and development of key technologies such as early warning and diagnosis of major diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and tumors, and early intervention of disease risk factors, and study key technologies and programs for standardized, personalized and comprehensive treatment.
　　(49) Prevention and treatment of common and frequently-occurring diseases in urban and rural communities
　　Focus on research and development of monitoring, prevention, diagnosis and rehabilitation technologies for common and frequently-occurring diseases, small-scale diagnosis and treatment and mobile medical service equipment, remote diagnosis and treatment and technical service systems.
　　(50) Inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine.
　　Focus on the innovation of basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine and the inheritance and excavation of traditional Chinese medicine experience, study the techniques and standards of diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine, develop modern research and development and manufacturing technologies of traditional Chinese medicine, effectively protect and rationally utilize traditional Chinese medicine resources, and strengthen the research on intellectual property protection of traditional Chinese medicine and the construction of international cooperation platforms.
　　(51) Advanced medical equipment and biomedical materials
　　Focus on the development of new treatment and routine diagnosis and treatment equipment, digital medical technology, individualized medical engineering technology and equipment, research on nano-biopharmaceutical release system and tissue engineering, and develop new biomedical materials such as human tissue and organ replacement.
　　9. Urbanization and urban development
　　China has entered a period of rapid urbanization. To realize the coordinated development of urbanization and cities, there is an urgent need for science and technology.
　　Development ideas: (1) Focus on the scientific planning of urban areas, and promote the rational distribution and scientific development of urban and rural areas. Develop key technologies of modern urban regional planning and dynamic monitoring technology, realize the organic combination of urban development planning and regional economic planning, and coordinate with the carrying capacity of regional resources and environment. (2) Take energy saving and water saving as the guide to develop resource-saving cities. We will break through the technology of comprehensive urban energy conservation and rational development and utilization of new energy, develop resource-saving and high-durability green building materials, and improve the utilization efficiency of urban resources and energy. (3) Strengthen the application of information technology and improve the comprehensive management level of the city. Develop urban digital integrated management technology and establish an efficient, multifunctional and integrated urban comprehensive management technology system. (4) Developing urban ecological living environment and green buildings. We will develop technologies for harmless treatment and resource utilization of urban sewage, garbage and other wastes, and develop technologies for improving urban residential areas and indoor environment to significantly improve the quality of urban living environment.
　　Priority theme:
　　(52) Urban regional planning and dynamic monitoring
　　Focus on the research and development of various regional urban spatial layout planning and system design technology, urban regional infrastructure and public service facilities planning and design, integrated configuration and sharing technology, urban regional planning and population, resources, environment, economic development interactive simulation prediction and dynamic monitoring technology.
　　(53) Urban function promotion and space saving and utilization
　　Focus on the research and development of urban comprehensive transportation, urban bus priority intelligent management, municipal infrastructure, disaster prevention and mitigation and other comprehensive function improvement technologies, urban "heat island" effect formation mechanism and manual control technology, land survey and resource conservation and utilization technology, urban development and spatial form change simulation and prediction technology, urban underground space development and utilization technology.
　　(54) Building Energy Conservation and Green Building
　　Focus on research and development of green building design technology, building energy-saving technology and equipment, integrated application technology of renewable energy devices and buildings, exquisite construction and green building construction technology and equipment, energy-saving building materials and green building materials, and building energy-saving technical standards.
　　(55) Quality assurance of urban ecological living environment
　　Focus on the research and development of indoor pollutant monitoring and purification technology, the development of urban environmental ecological control technology, urban garbage resource utilization technology, urban water recycling technology and equipment, urban and urban agglomeration pollution prevention and control technology, residential minimum emission integration technology, intelligent management technology of ecological residential areas.
　　(56) Urban information platform
　　Focus on the research and development of urban network basic information sharing technology, urban basic data acquisition and updating technology, urban multi-data integration and mining technology, urban multi-dimensional modeling and simulation technology, key technologies of urban dynamic monitoring and application, urban network information sharing standards and norms, and key technologies of urban emergency and linkage services.
　　10. Public safety
　　Public safety is the cornerstone of national security and social stability. China’s public security is facing severe challenges, which puts forward great strategic demand for science and technology.
　　Development ideas: (1) Strengthen technical support for rapid response and emergency response to public emergencies. Guided by the application of information and intelligent technology, we will develop multifunctional and integrated emergency support technology for national public safety and form a public safety technical system with scientific prediction, effective prevention and control and efficient emergency response. (2) Improve the ability of early detection and prevention. Focus on the monitoring, early warning and prevention technologies of production accidents such as coal mines, sudden social security incidents and natural disasters, nuclear safety and biological safety. (3) Enhance the comprehensive ability of emergency rescue. Focus on the study of coal mine disasters, major fires, sudden major natural disasters, dangerous chemicals leakage, mass poisoning and other emergency rescue technologies. (4) Accelerate the modernization of public safety equipment. Develop major equipment and series of protective products to ensure public safety such as production safety, food safety, biological safety and social safety, and promote the rapid development of related industries.
　　Priority theme:
　　(57) National Public Safety Emergency Information Platform
　　Focus on all-round barrier-free hazard detection and monitoring, accurate positioning and information acquisition technology, multi-scale dynamic information analysis and processing and optimization decision-making technology, and national integrated public safety emergency decision-making command platform integration technology, and build a national public safety early monitoring, rapid warning and efficient disposal integrated emergency decision-making command platform.
　　(58) Early warning and rescue of major production accidents
　　Focus on the research and development of mine gas, water inrush, dynamic disaster early warning and prevention and control technology, development of major industrial accidents such as combustion, explosion, poison leakage prevention and rescue technology and related equipment.
　　(59) Food Safety and Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine
　　Focus on food safety and entry-exit inspection and quarantine risk assessment, pollutant traceability, safety standards formulation, effective monitoring and testing and other key technologies, and develop intelligent technology for food pollution prevention and control and safety monitoring technology for Qualcomm inspection and quarantine.
　　(60) Prevention and rapid disposal of public emergencies
　　Focus on the research and development of individual biometric identification, material evidence traceability, rapid screening and verification technology and simulation and prediction technology, remote positioning and tracking, real-time monitoring, barrier identification and rapid disposal technology and equipment, high-rise and underground building fire protection technology and equipment, explosives, drugs and other contraband and nuclear, biochemical and terrorist sources remote detection technology and equipment, as well as on-site disposal protection technology and equipment.
　　(61) Biosafety guarantee
　　Focus on rapid, sensitive and specific monitoring and detection technology, detection technology of metabolites of chemical agents in vivo, new efficient disinfectants and rapid disinfection technology, virus filtration protection technology, identification and prevention of dangerous transmission media, biological invasion prevention and control technology, vaccines and immune adjuvants, antitoxins and drugs used to deal with unexpected biological events.
　　(62) Monitoring and prevention of major natural disasters
　　Focus on the research and development of key technologies for monitoring, early warning and emergency response of earthquakes, typhoons, rainstorms, floods and geological disasters, monitoring and early warning technologies for major disasters such as forest fires, dam breaks, and dike breaches, and comprehensive risk analysis and evaluation technologies for major natural disasters.
　　11. National defense

Fourth, major projects

　　Historically, the implementation of several major projects in China, such as "two bombs and one satellite", manned space flight and hybrid rice, has played a vital role in improving the overall national strength. The United States, Europe, Japan, South Korea, etc. all regard organizing and implementing major special plans around national goals as an important measure to improve national competitiveness.
　　While identifying a number of priority themes in key areas, this Outline further highlights key points around national goals, and selects a number of major strategic products, key common technologies or major projects as major projects, giving full play to the advantages of the socialist system in concentrating its efforts on doing great things and the role of the market mechanism, striving to make breakthroughs, striving to achieve the leap-forward development of productive forces with local leaps in scientific and technological development, and filling the gaps in national strategy. The basic principles for determining major projects are as follows: First, closely combine the major needs of economic and social development, and cultivate strategic industries that can form core independent intellectual property rights and play a significant role in promoting the improvement of enterprises’ independent innovation ability; The second is to highlight the key common technologies that have a global impact and strong driving force on the overall improvement of industrial competitiveness; The third is to solve the major bottleneck problems that restrict economic and social development; Fourth, it is of great strategic significance to embody the combination of the military and the people and to include the army in the people, so as to safeguard national security and enhance comprehensive national strength; Fifth, it is in line with China’s national conditions and the national strength can bear it. According to the above principles, a number of major special projects have been identified around developing high-tech industries, promoting the upgrading of traditional industries, solving the bottleneck problem of national economic development, improving people’s health level and ensuring national security. The implementation of major special projects will be started item by item according to the development needs of the country and the maturity of the implementation conditions. At the same time, according to the changes in national strategic needs and development situation, major special projects will be dynamically adjusted and implemented step by step. For major projects targeting strategic products, we should give full play to the main role of enterprises in research, development and investment.Taking the research and development of major equipment as the breakthrough point of enterprise technological innovation, the market mechanism can be used more effectively to allocate scientific and technological resources, and the guiding investment of the state is mainly used to tackle key core technologies.
　　Major special projects are major strategic products, key common technologies and major projects completed within a certain time limit through core technology breakthroughs and resource integration, which are the top priority of China’s scientific and technological development. The "Planning Outline" defines core electronic devices, high-end general-purpose chips and basic software, VLSI manufacturing technology and complete sets of processes, a new generation of broadband wireless mobile communication, high-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing technology, development of large oil and gas fields and coalbed methane, large-scale advanced pressurized water reactors and high-temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plants, water pollution control and treatment, cultivation of new varieties of genetically modified organisms, creation of major new drugs, prevention and treatment of major infectious diseases such as AIDS and viral hepatitis, Sixteen major projects, such as large aircraft, high-resolution Earth observation system, manned spaceflight and lunar exploration project, involve strategic industries such as information and biology, major and urgent issues such as energy, resources, environment and people’s health, as well as dual-use technology for military and civilian use and national defense technology.

Five, cutting-edge technology

　　Frontier technology refers to a forward-looking, pioneering and exploratory major technology in the field of high technology, which is an important foundation for the upgrading of high technology and the development of emerging industries in the future and a comprehensive embodiment of the country’s high-tech innovation capability. The main principles of choosing cutting-edge technology are: first, representing the development direction of the world’s high-tech frontier. Second, it will play a leading role in the formation and development of emerging industries in the future. Third, it is conducive to the upgrading of industrial technology and the realization of leapfrog development. Fourth, it has a good talent team and research and development foundation. According to the above principles, it is necessary to deploy a number of cutting-edge technologies in advance, give play to the leading role of science and technology in leading future development, and improve China’s high-tech research and development capabilities and international competitiveness of industries.
　　1. Biotechnology
　　Biotechnology and life sciences will become the important driving forces for the new scientific and technological revolution in the 21st century, and genomics and protein omics research are leading biotechnology to the direction of systematic research. Genome sequencing and gene structure analysis have turned to functional genome research and the discovery and application of functional genes; Molecular directional design and construction of drugs and animal and plant varieties has become an important direction of germplasm and drug research; The research and application of cutting-edge technologies such as biochip, stem cells and tissue engineering are pregnant with major breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment and regenerative medicine. Key breakthroughs must be made in functional genomics, protein group, stem cells and therapeutic cloning, tissue engineering, biocatalysis and transformation technology.
　　Cutting-edge technology:
　　(1) Target discovery technology
　　The discovery of targets is of great significance to the development of innovative drugs, biological diagnosis and biological treatment technologies. Focus on the large-scale identification of key gene functions and their regulatory networks in physiological and pathological processes, break through the technology of function identification, expression regulation and target screening and confirmation of disease-related genes, and create new drugs from genes to drugs.
　　(2) Molecular design technology of animal and plant varieties and drugs.
　　Molecular design of animal and plant varieties and drugs is a technology of molecular docking, molecular simulation and molecular design based on the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules. Protein and cell dynamic process biological information analysis, integration, simulation technology, virtual design technology of animal and plant varieties and drugs, engineering simulation technology of animal and plant variety growth and drug metabolism, computer-aided combinatorial compound library design, synthesis and screening.
　　(3) Genetic manipulation and protein engineering technology.
　　Gene manipulation technology is the key technology of gene resource utilization. Protein Project is an important way to make efficient use of gene products. Focus on the efficient expression and regulation of genes, the integration of chromosome structure and location, the artificial design and transformation of protein-coding genes, the modification and reconstruction of protein peptide chains, the structural analysis of protein, and the large-scale separation and purification of protein.
　　(4) Human tissue engineering technology based on stem cells.
　　Stem cell technology can cultivate stem cells in vitro, directionally induce and differentiate into various tissues and cells for clinical needs, and can also construct human organs in vitro for replacement and restorative treatment. Focus on therapeutic cloning technology, stem cell establishment and directional induction technology in vitro, human structure tissue construction and large-scale production technology in vitro, human multi-cell complex structure tissue construction and defect repair technology and biological manufacturing technology.
　　(5) A new generation of industrial biotechnology
　　Biocatalysis and biotransformation are the main bodies of a new generation of industrial biotechnology. Focus on the large-scale screening technology of functional strains, the directional transformation technology of biocatalysts, the biocatalysis technology system of large-scale industrial production, the creation technology of clean transformation media and the complete set of industrial transformation technologies.
　　2. Information technology
　　Information technology will continue to develop in the main directions of high performance, low cost, pervasive computing and intelligence, and seeking new computing and processing methods and physical realization is a major challenge in the future information technology field. The cross-integration of nanotechnology, biotechnology and cognitive science will promote the development of "people-centered" information technology based on biological characteristics, images and natural language understanding, and promote innovation in many fields. Focus on low-cost self-organizing networks, personalized intelligent robots and human-computer interaction systems, highly flexible data networks and advanced information security systems.
　　Cutting-edge technology:
　　(6) Intelligent perception technology
　　Focus on the "people-centered" intelligent information processing and control technology based on biological characteristics, natural language and dynamic image understanding, Chinese information processing; Study the system technology of biometric identification, intelligent transportation and other related fields.
　　(7) Self-organizing network technology
　　Focus on the research of self-organizing mobile network, self-organizing computing network, self-organizing storage network, self-organizing sensor network and other technologies, low-cost real-time information processing system, multi-sensor information fusion technology, personalized human-computer interaction interface technology, as well as highly flexible data network and advanced information security system; Self-organizing intelligent system and personal intelligent system are studied.
　　(8) Virtual reality technology
　　Focus on the integration of electronics, psychology, control, computer graphics, database design, real-time distribution system and multimedia technology, and study virtual reality technologies and systems in many related fields such as medicine, entertainment, art and education, military and industrial manufacturing management.
　　3. New material technology
　　The new material technology will develop towards the structural and functional compounding of materials, the intellectualization of functional materials, the integration of materials and devices, and the green preparation and use process. Break through modern material design, evaluation, characterization and advanced preparation and processing technology, develop nano-materials and devices on the basis of nano-scientific research, develop special functional materials such as superconducting materials, intelligent materials and energy materials, and develop new materials such as super-structure materials and new generation photoelectric information materials.
　　Cutting-edge technology:
　　(9) Intelligent materials and structural technology
　　Smart materials and smart structures are smart or smart structural systems that integrate sensing, control, driving (execution) and other functions. This paper focuses on the preparation and processing technology of intelligent materials, the design and preparation technology of intelligent structures, and the monitoring and failure control technology of key equipment and devices.
　　(10) High temperature superconducting technology
　　Focus on new high-temperature superconducting materials and their preparation technologies, superconducting cables, superconducting motors and high-efficiency superconducting power devices; Research on superconducting biomedical devices, HTS filters, HTS nondestructive testing devices and scanning magnetic microscopes.
　　(11) High-efficiency energy material technology
　　Focus on solar cell related materials and their key technologies, fuel cell key materials technology, high-capacity hydrogen storage materials technology, high-efficiency secondary battery materials and key technologies, super capacitor key materials and preparation technologies, and develop high-efficiency energy conversion and energy storage materials system.
　　4. Advanced manufacturing technology
　　Advanced manufacturing technology will develop in the direction of informationization, limitation and greening, which will become the foundation for the future manufacturing industry and the key to sustainable development. Focus on breaking through extreme manufacturing, system integration and collaboration technology, intelligent manufacturing and application technology, design verification technology of complete sets of equipment and systems, and system design technology based on large and complex systems and equipment with high reliability.
　　Cutting-edge technology:
　　(12) Extreme manufacturing technology
　　Extreme manufacturing refers to the manufacture of devices and functional systems with extreme scale (extra large or extra small scale) or extremely high functions under extreme conditions or environments. Focus on the design, manufacturing technology and testing technology related to micro-nano electromechanical system, micro-nano manufacturing, ultra-precision manufacturing, giant system manufacturing and strong field manufacturing.
　　(13) Intelligent service robot
　　Intelligent service robot is a kind of high-tech integrated intelligent equipment that provides necessary services for human beings in unstructured environment. Focusing on the application requirements of service robots and dangerous robots, the common basic technologies such as design methods, manufacturing processes, intelligent control and application system integration are studied.
　　(14) Life prediction technology for major products and facilities.
　　The life prediction technology of major products and facilities is the key technology to improve the reliability, safety and maintainability of operation. Research on component design of parts and components, predictive control and optimization technology of forming process, modeling and simulation technology of knowledge-based forming manufacturing process, on-line detection and evaluation technology of manufacturing process, life prediction technology of parts and components, reliability, safety and life prediction technology of major products, complex systems and major facilities.
　　5. Advanced energy technology
　　The main direction of energy technology development in the future is economy, high efficiency, clean utilization and new energy development. The development of the fourth generation nuclear energy system, advanced nuclear fuel cycle and fusion energy has attracted more and more attention. As an ideal energy carrier that can be obtained from many ways, hydrogen will bring new changes to the clean utilization of energy; The clean and flexible fuel cell power and distributed energy supply system will provide a new important form for terminal energy utilization. Focus on large-scale hydrogen energy utilization and distributed energy supply system, advanced nuclear energy and nuclear fuel cycle technology, develop high-efficiency, clean and nearly zero-emission fossil energy development and utilization technology, and low-cost and high-efficiency renewable energy new technology.
　　Cutting-edge technology:
　　(15) Hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology
　　Focus on high-efficiency and low-cost hydrogen production technology from fossil energy and renewable energy, economical and efficient hydrogen storage and transmission and distribution technology, fuel cell basic key component preparation and stack integration technology, fuel cell power generation and vehicle power system integration technology, and form technical specifications and standards for hydrogen energy and fuel cells.
　　(16) Distributed energy supply technology
　　Distributed energy supply system is an important way to provide flexible and energy-saving comprehensive energy services for end users. Focus on breaking through the energy conversion technology, energy storage technology, thermoelectric cooling system comprehensive technology of miniature gas turbines and new thermal cycles based on fossil energy, and form a distributed terminal energy supply system based on complementary renewable energy and fossil energy and hybrid miniature gas turbines and fuel cells.
　　(17) Fast neutron reactor technology
　　Fast neutron reactor is a nuclear reactor which can cause nuclear fission chain reaction by fast neutrons and realize nuclear fuel proliferation, which can make full use of uranium resources and treat long-lived radioactive waste produced by thermal reactor nuclear power plant. Study and master fast reactor design and core technology, related nuclear fuel and structural materials technology, break through key technologies such as sodium cycle, build 65MW experimental fast reactor, and realize critical and grid-connected power generation.
　　(18) Magnetic confinement nuclear fusion
　　Taking the opportunity of participating in the construction and research of the international thermonuclear fusion experimental reactor, this paper focuses on the research of large superconducting magnet technology, microwave heating and driving technology, neutral beam injection heating technology, cladding technology, large-scale real-time separation and purification technology of tritium, divertor technology, numerical simulation, plasma control and diagnosis technology, key materials technology needed for demonstration reactor, as well as deepening the research of high-temperature plasma physics and exploring some non-tokmak ways aiming at energy.
　　6. Marine technology
　　Pay attention to the development of multi-functional, multi-parameter and long-term marine comprehensive development technology to improve the comprehensive technical ability of deep-sea operations. Focus on the research and development of natural gas hydrate exploration and development technology, ocean metal mineral resources seabed gathering and transportation technology, on-site efficient extraction technology and large-scale marine engineering technology.
　　Cutting-edge technology:
　　(19) Three-dimensional monitoring technology of marine environment
　　Three-dimensional monitoring technology of marine environment is a technology for synchronous monitoring of marine environmental elements in the air, shore station, water surface and water. Focus on marine remote sensing technology, acoustic detection technology, buoy technology, shore-based long-range radar technology, and develop marine information processing and application technology.
　　(20) Multi-parameter rapid detection technology for ocean bottom.
　　Multi-parameter rapid detection technology of ocean seabed is a technology to synchronously detect multi-parameters of seabed geophysics, geochemistry and biochemistry and realize real-time information transmission. Focus on the research of sensor technology under abnormal environmental conditions, sensor automatic calibration technology, seabed information transmission technology and so on.
　　(21) Natural gas hydrate development technology
　　Natural gas hydrate is a hydrocarbon hidden in the deep water bottom and underground of the ocean. Focus on the exploration theory and development technology of natural gas hydrate, geophysical and geochemical exploration and evaluation technology of natural gas hydrate, and break through the drilling technology and safe mining technology of natural gas hydrate.
　　(22) Deep-sea operation technology
　　Deep-sea operation technology is an underwater technology that supports deep-sea seabed engineering operation and mineral exploitation. Focus on the research of deep underwater vehicle technology, life support system technology, high specific energy power plant technology, high-fidelity sampling and information remote transmission technology, deep-sea operation equipment manufacturing technology and deep-sea space station technology.
　　7. Laser technology
　　8. Aerospace technology

VI. Basic research

　　Basic research, with the basic mission of deeply understanding natural phenomena, revealing natural laws, acquiring new knowledge, new principles, new methods and cultivating high-quality innovative talents, is an important source of high-tech development, the cradle of cultivating innovative talents, the foundation of building advanced culture and the internal driving force of future scientific and technological development. The development of basic research should adhere to the combination of serving the national goal and encouraging free exploration, follow the law of scientific development, attach importance to the exploration spirit of scientists, highlight the long-term value of science, stabilize support, deploy ahead of schedule, and make dynamic adjustments according to the new trend of scientific development. This outline is deployed from four aspects: discipline development, scientific frontier issues, basic research facing the country’s major strategic needs, and major scientific research plans.
　　1. Discipline development
　　According to the characteristics of basic research, such as thick accumulation, strong exploration and unpredictable progress, we should make a comprehensive layout of basic disciplines, highlight the intersection, integration and infiltration of disciplines, and cultivate new growth points of disciplines. Through the accumulation of long-term and profound academic research, we will promote the improvement of original innovation ability and promote the coordinated development of multiple disciplines.
　　(1) Basic disciplines
　　Attach importance to the construction of basic theories and disciplines, and comprehensively and harmoniously develop basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science and biology.
　　(2) interdisciplinary and emerging disciplines
　　The intersection and integration of basic disciplines, basic disciplines and applied disciplines, science and technology, natural sciences and humanities and social sciences often leads to major scientific discoveries and the emergence of emerging disciplines, which is one of the most active parts of scientific research and should be highly concerned and deployed.
　　2. Frontier issues in science
　　The main characteristics of the frontier of contemporary scientific development are the unity of micro and outlook on universe, the combination of reductionism and holism, the intersection of multi-disciplines, the penetration of basic sciences such as mathematics into various fields, and the use of advanced technologies and means, which are pregnant with major breakthroughs in science and make human beings constantly surpass and deepen their understanding of the objective world. The principles of selecting frontier issues in science are: it has a driving effect on the development of basic science, has a good foundation, can fully reflect China’s advantages and characteristics, and is conducive to greatly enhancing the international status of basic science in China.
　　(1) Quantitative research and system integration of life process.
　　Main research interests: gene language and regulation, functional genomics, model biology, epigenetics and non-coding RNA, life structure and function and its regulation network, life reconstruction, bioinformatics, computational biology, system biology, life characteristics in extreme environment, life origin and evolution, system development and evolutionary biology, etc.
　　(2) condensed matter and new effect
　　Main research interests: strongly related systems, soft condensed matter, new quantum properties condensed matter and new effects, self-similar cooperative growth, giant open system and complex system problems, Bose-Einstein condensation, superfluid superconducting mechanism, structural phase transition, electronic structure and various primary excitation processes of condensed matter under extreme conditions, etc.
　　(3) the deep structure of matter and the laws of large-scale physics of the universe.
　　Main research interests: microscopic and cosmic scales, material structure and physical laws in extreme states such as high energy, high density, ultra-high voltage and ultra-strong magnetic field, exploring the theory of unifying all physical laws, the frontier basic problems of particle physics, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the origin and evolution of the universe, the formation and evolution of black holes and various celestial bodies and structures, the influence of solar activities on the earth’s environment and disasters and its prediction.
　　(4) Core mathematics and its application in cross fields.
　　Main research directions: major problems in core mathematics, intersection between mathematics and other disciplines, and new mathematical problems in scientific research and practical application, such as discrete problems, random problems, quantum problems and mathematical theories and methods in a large number of nonlinear problems.
　　(5) Earth system processes and resources, environment and disaster effects.
　　Main research interests: the interaction of various circles in the earth system (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, crust, mantle and core), deep drilling in the earth, physical, chemical and biological processes in the earth system and their resources, environment and disaster effects, the theory of marine and terrestrial accumulation, ground-based, sea-based, space-based earth observation and detection systems and earth simulation systems, and the theory of earth system science.
　　(6) the chemical process of the creation and transformation of new substances
　　Main research directions: the design, controlled synthesis, preparation and transformation of new functional molecules with specific structures, condensed and aggregated molecular functional systems, the establishment of new environmental-friendly chemical systems, the formation and transformation of substances at different time and space scales, and the relationship between chemical essence, performance and structure and transformation laws in complex systems such as life processes and ecological environment.
　　(7) brain science and cognitive science
　　Main research directions: cellular and molecular mechanism of brain function, occurrence and development mechanism of major brain diseases, the relationship between brain development, plasticity and human intelligence, the process and neural basis of brain advanced cognitive functions such as learning, memory and thinking, brain information expression and brain information processing system, dialogue between human brain and computer, etc.
　　(8) Innovation of scientific experiment and observation methods, technologies and equipment.
　　Main research directions: life science detection, imaging, analysis and manipulation methods with dynamic, timely, non-destructive, sensitive and high resolution characteristics, new analysis and characterization techniques for obtaining information on material composition, function and structure, new observation means and new information acquisition methods in earth science and space science research, etc.
　　3. Basic research oriented to the major strategic needs of the country
　　The knowledge-based society has put forward a strong demand for scientific development, and the competition of comprehensive national strength has moved forward to basic research, and it is becoming more and more fierce. As a rapidly developing country, China should emphasize that basic research should serve national goals and solve key and bottleneck problems in future development through basic research. The principles of selecting research direction are: strategic, overall and long-term significance for national economic and social development and national security; Although it is still weak for the time being, it plays a key role in development; It can effectively promote the combination of basic science and technical science and lead the development of high-tech in the future.
　　(1) the biological basis of human health and disease
　　Focus on the molecular and cellular basis of the occurrence and development of major diseases and their intervention, the role of nervous, immune and endocrine systems in the occurrence and development of health and major diseases, the spread, variation and pathogenic mechanism of pathogens, the mechanism of drugs at the molecular, cellular and overall regulatory levels, the interference of environment on physiological processes, and the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.
　　(2) Scientific problems in agricultural biological genetic improvement and agricultural sustainable development.
　　Focus on the study of genes and functional genomes of important agricultural organisms and related "omics", the genetic basis of biodiversity and new variety cultivation, the mechanism of plant stress resistance and efficient utilization of water, nutrients and light energy, the interaction between agricultural organisms and ecological environment, agricultural biosafety and the control principles of major pests and diseases.
　　(3) The influence mechanism of human activities on the earth system.
　　Focus on disaster risk prediction in the process of resource exploration and development, ecological impact, adaptability and regional ecological security of large-scale human activities in key river basins, energy and material circulation law and regulation of important ecosystems, biodiversity conservation model, land use and land cover change, water demand law and ecological balance in river basins and regions, formation mechanism and control principle of environmental pollution, and sustainable utilization of marine resources and marine ecological environment protection.
　　(4) Global change and regional response
　　This paper focuses on the impact of global climate change on China, the response of large-scale hydrological cycle to global change and the impact of global change on regional water resources, the interaction between human activities and monsoon system, the sea-land-air interaction and the variation and prediction of Asian monsoon system, the carbon cycle process of offshore-terrestrial ecosystem in China, the response of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and polar regions to global change and its climate and environmental effects, the establishment of climate system model and its simulation and prediction, the mechanism of greenhouse effect, the formation and evolution mechanism of aerosol and its impact on climate change.
　　(5) Complex system, catastrophe formation and its predictive control.
　　Focus on the relationship between micro-mechanism and macro-phenomenon in complex systems of engineering, nature and social economy, the mechanism and evolution law of structure in complex systems, the relationship between structure and system behavior, the movement law of complex systems, system mutation and its regulation, etc., study the correlation between different scale behaviors of complex systems, and develop theories and methods of complex systems.
　　(6) Key scientific issues in energy sustainable development.
　　Focus on the physical and chemical basis of efficient and clean utilization and transformation of fossil energy, key scientific issues in high-performance thermal-power conversion and efficient energy-saving energy storage, principles and new ways of large-scale utilization of renewable energy, theory of safe, stable and economic operation of power grid, basic technology of large-scale nuclear energy and scientific basis of hydrogen energy technology.
　　(7) New principles and methods of material design and preparation.
　　The physical and chemical basis, phase transformation and microstructure control mechanism, composite strengthening and toughening principle, physical and chemical properties of new materials, new physical mechanisms, new effects and new material design such as artificial structure, small scale and multi-functional integration, new principles and new processes of material preparation, new principles of structure and performance characterization, interaction between materials in service and environment, performance evolution, failure mechanism and life prediction principle are emphatically studied.
　　(8) Scientific basis of manufacturing under extreme environmental conditions
　　Emphasis is placed on the interaction law between deep matter and energy, micro-scale transport of high-density energy and matter, accurate expression and measurement of microstructure, scale effect and interface science of manufacturing body forming, forming and system integration, certainty of smooth motion of complex manufacturing system and uniqueness law of manufacturing body.
　　(9) Major mechanical problems in aerospace.
　　The research focuses on hypersonic propulsion system and hypervelocity impact mechanics, multidimensional dynamic system and complex motion control theory, compressible theory of turbulence, high temperature gas thermodynamics, magnetic fluid and plasma dynamics, micro-fluid and micro-system dynamics, structural mechanics of new materials, etc.
　　(10) the scientific basis for supporting the development of information technology
　　Focus on the new algorithm and software basic theory, the mechanism of virtual computing environment, the theory and method of massive information processing and knowledge mining, the theory of human-computer interaction, the theory of network security and credible and controllable information security.
　　4. Major scientific research plans
　　According to the development trend of world science and China’s major strategic needs, we will choose the research direction that can lead the future development, has a strong driving effect on the development of science and technology, and can promote the rapid improvement of China’s sustainable innovation ability, and at the same time, we will focus on deploying four major scientific research plans. Breakthroughs in these directions can significantly enhance China’s international competitiveness, vigorously promote sustainable development and achieve key leaps.
　　(1) protein studies.
　　Protein is the main carrier of life activities and the executor of functions. The in-depth study of protein’s complex and diverse structure, function, interaction and dynamic changes will fully reveal the nature of life phenomena at multiple levels, such as molecules, cells and organisms, which is the main task in the post-genome era. At the same time, protein’s scientific research results will give birth to a series of new biotechnology, promote the development of medicine, agriculture and green industry, and lead the future bio-economy. Therefore, protein’s science is the commanding height of life science which is fiercely contested by developed countries at present.
　　It focuses on transcriptomics, protein’s genomics, metabonomics, structural biology, protein’s biological functions and their interactions, protein’s related computational biology and systems biology, protein’s research methodology, and related applied basic research.
　　(2) Research on quantum regulation.
　　The information technology based on microelectronics will reach the physical limit, which poses a severe challenge to the development of information technology. Human beings must seek a new way out, and new information means based on quantum effect are emerging and are becoming the focus of fierce competition in developed countries. Quantum regulation is to explore new quantum phenomena, develop quantum informatics, related electronics, quantum communication, limited small quantum system and artificial band gap system, and build the theoretical basis of future information technology, which is obviously forward-looking and may have an incalculable impact on human social and economic development in 20 ~ 30 years.
　　It focuses on the carrier of quantum communication, the principles and methods of regulation, quantum calculation, the related laws of charge-spin-phase-orbit and new quantum regulation methods, the new quantum effect of confined small quantum system, the macro quantum effect of artificial band gap materials, the new principles and new technical basis of quantum regulation characterization and measurement, etc.
　　(3) Nanometer research
　　The strange phenomena and laws of matter at nanometer scale will change the existing framework of related theories, make people’s understanding of the material world enter a new stage, breed a new technological revolution, and bring great development space to materials, information, green manufacturing, biology and medicine. Nanotechnology has become a strategic choice for many countries to enhance their core competitiveness, and it is also one of the areas where China is expected to achieve leapfrog development.
　　Focus on the controllable preparation, self-assembly and functionalization of nano-materials, the structure, excellent characteristics and regulation mechanism of nano-materials, nano-processing and integration principles, conceptual and principled nano-devices, nanoelectronics, nano-biology and nano-medicine, optical, electrical and magnetic properties and information transmission of molecular aggregates and biomolecules, single molecule behavior and manipulation, molecular machines design, assembly and regulation, nano-scale characterization and metrology, nano-materials and nanotechnology in energy, environment, and information transmission.
　　(4) research on development and reproduction
　　A series of remarkable achievements such as animal cloning and stem cells have brought great opportunities for the future development of life science and medicine. However, most of these achievements can not directly benefit mankind, mainly because of the lack of systematic and in-depth understanding of the process and mechanism of reproduction and development. China’s population growth is large, there are many birth defects, there is a serious shortage of transplanted organs, and the peak of aging is coming, which urgently needs theoretical breakthroughs and technological innovations in reproductive and developmental science.
　　Focus on stem cell proliferation, differentiation and regulation, germ cell generation, maturation and fertilization, regulation mechanism of embryo development, mechanism of somatic cell dedifferentiation and animal cloning, mechanism of human reproductive function decline and degenerative diseases, safety and ethics of assisted reproduction and stem cell technology.

Seven, science and technology system reform and national innovation system construction

　　Since the reform and opening up, China’s scientific and technological system reform has closely focused on promoting the combination of science and technology and economy, aiming at strengthening scientific and technological innovation and promoting the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, and focusing on adjusting the structure and transformation mechanism, and has taken a series of major reform measures and made important breakthroughs and substantial progress. At the same time, it must be clearly seen that there are still many incompatibilities between China’s current scientific and technological system and the socialist market economic system, as well as the requirements of the great development of economy and science and technology. First, enterprises have not really become the main body of technological innovation, and their independent innovation ability is not strong. Second, the scientific and technological forces in all aspects are self-contained, scattered and repetitive, and the overall operation efficiency is not high, especially the scientific and technological innovation ability in the social welfare field is weak. Third, the macro-management of science and technology is fragmented, and the allocation mode and evaluation system of science and technology resources can not meet the requirements of the new situation of science and technology development and the transformation of government functions. Fourth, the mechanism of encouraging outstanding talents and encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship is still not perfect. These problems have seriously restricted the improvement of the country’s overall innovation ability.
　　The guiding ideology of deepening the reform of science and technology system is: starting from serving the national goal and mobilizing the enthusiasm and creativity of the majority of scientific and technological personnel, focusing on promoting the efficient allocation and comprehensive integration of scientific and technological resources in the whole society, taking the establishment of a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body and Industry-University-Research as the breakthrough point, comprehensively promoting the construction of national innovation system with China characteristics, and greatly improving the country’s independent innovation capability.
　　At present and in the future, the key tasks of the reform of science and technology system are:
　　1 support and encourage enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation.
　　Market competition is an important driving force for technological innovation, and technological innovation is the fundamental way for enterprises to improve their competitiveness. With the deepening of reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises are playing an increasingly important role in technological innovation. It is necessary to further create conditions, optimize the environment, deepen reforms, and effectively enhance the motivation and vitality of technological innovation in enterprises. First, we should give play to the guiding role of economic, scientific and technological policies and make enterprises the main body of research and development investment. Accelerate the improvement of a unified, open, competitive and orderly market economy environment, guide enterprises to increase investment in research and development through fiscal, taxation and financial policies, and promote enterprises, especially large enterprises, to establish research and development institutions. Relying on the transformed scientific research institutions or large enterprises with strong research and development and technical radiation capabilities, and integrating relevant forces such as institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutes, national engineering laboratories and industrial engineering centers will be established. Encourage enterprises to establish various technical innovation joint organizations with institutions of higher learning and research institutes to enhance their technological innovation capabilities. Second, we should reform the way of supporting science and technology plans and support enterprises to undertake national research and development tasks. The national science and technology plan should reflect more the major scientific and technological needs of enterprises and attract more enterprises to participate. In areas with clear market application prospects, establish an effective mechanism for enterprises to lead organizations, universities and research institutes to participate in the implementation. Third, we should improve the technology transfer mechanism and promote the technology integration and application of enterprises. Establish and improve the intellectual property incentive mechanism and intellectual property trading system. Vigorously develop all kinds of science and technology intermediary service institutions serving enterprises,Promote knowledge flow and technology transfer between enterprises, between enterprises and universities and research institutes. State key laboratories and engineering (technical research) centers should be opened wider to enterprises. Fourth, we should speed up the construction of modern enterprise system and enhance the internal motivation of enterprise technological innovation. The ability of technological innovation is regarded as an important index for the assessment of state-owned enterprises, and the participation of technical factors in distribution is regarded as an important content of the property right system reform of high-tech enterprises. Adhere to the direction of enterprise transformation of applied and developed scientific research institutions, deepen the reform of property rights system of enterprise-oriented scientific research institutions, form a perfect management system and a reasonable and effective incentive mechanism, so as to play a key role in high-tech industrialization and industrial technological innovation. Fifth, we should create a good innovation environment and support the technological innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises, especially technological small and medium-sized enterprises, are enterprise groups full of innovation vitality but weak in bearing innovation risks. It is necessary to create a more favorable policy environment for small and medium-sized enterprises, and draft and formulate relevant laws and policies conducive to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in terms of market access and anti-unfair competition; Actively develop science and technology investment and financing system and venture capital mechanism to support small and medium-sized enterprises; Accelerate the construction of science and technology intermediary service institutions to provide services for technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
　　2. Deepen the reform of scientific research institutions and establish a modern scientific research institute system.
　　Scientific research institutions engaged in basic research, cutting-edge technology research and social welfare research are important forces of scientific and technological innovation in China. Building a high-level research team that stably serves the national goal and devotes itself to the cause of science and technology is the hope of developing the cause of science and technology in China. After years of structural adjustment and talent diversion, China has formed a number of capable scientific research institutions, and the state should give them stable support. To give full play to the important role of these scientific research institutions, we must further deepen the reform of management system with the goal of improving innovation ability and focusing on improving mechanisms, and accelerate the construction of a modern scientific research institution system with clear responsibilities, scientific evaluation, open and orderly management. First, we should strengthen the construction of scientific research institutions in accordance with the responsibilities entrusted by the state. It is necessary to effectively change the current situation that some scientific research institutions have unclear responsibilities, scattered power and weak innovation ability, optimize the allocation of resources, and concentrate on forming advantageous disciplines and research bases. Social welfare scientific research institutions should give full play to the technological advantages of the industry, improve their scientific and technological innovation and service capabilities, and solve major scientific and technological problems in social development; Scientific research institutions of basic science and cutting-edge technology should give full play to their disciplinary advantages, improve their research level, make theoretical innovations and technological breakthroughs, and solve major scientific and technological problems. Second, we must establish a scientific and technological investment mechanism that stably supports the innovation activities of scientific research institutions. Discipline and team building and major innovations are the result of long-term and sustained efforts. The state finance provides relatively stable support to scientific research institutions engaged in basic research, cutting-edge technology research and social welfare research. According to the different conditions of scientific research institutions,Raise the per capita funding standard for undertakings and support discipline construction, basic work and team building that need to be accumulated for a long time. Third, we should establish an operating mechanism that is conducive to the original innovation of scientific research institutions. The research on independent topic selection is very important for scientific research institutions to improve their original innovation ability and cultivate talent teams. Strengthen the support for scientific research institutions to carry out research on independent topics. Improve the director responsibility system of scientific research institutes, further expand the decision-making autonomy of scientific research institutes in terms of scientific and technological funds and personnel system, and improve the coordination and integration ability of innovative activities within scientific research institutions. Fourth, we should establish an evaluation system for the overall innovation ability of scientific research institutions. Establish a scientific and reasonable comprehensive evaluation system, comprehensively evaluate the overall innovation ability of scientific research institutions in terms of the quality of scientific research achievements, the construction of talent team, and the management and operation mechanism, so as to promote scientific research institutions to improve their management level and innovation ability. Fifth, we should establish an effective mechanism for the open cooperation of scientific research institutions. The employment system of combining fixed personnel with floating personnel shall be implemented. We will fully implement the employment system and post management, and openly recruit scientific research and management talents for the whole society. By establishing an effective mechanism, we will promote various forms of alliance between scientific research institutes, enterprises and universities, and promote knowledge flow, personnel training and sharing of scientific and technological resources.
　　Universities are an important base for cultivating high-level innovative talents in China, one of the main forces of original innovation in basic research and high-tech fields in China, and a new force to solve major scientific and technological problems in the national economy, realize technology transfer and transform achievements. Accelerating the construction of a number of high-level universities, especially a number of world-renowned high-level research universities, is the need for China to accelerate scientific and technological innovation and build a national innovation system. China has formed a number of high-level universities with appropriate scale, comprehensive disciplines and talented people, so we should give full play to their important role in scientific and technological innovation. Actively support the original innovation of universities in basic research, cutting-edge technology research, social welfare research and other fields. Encourage and promote all-round cooperation between universities, enterprises and research institutes, and increase efforts to serve national, regional and industry development. Accelerate the construction of key disciplines and scientific and technological innovation platforms in universities. Cultivate and gather a group of academic leaders with international leading level, and build a team of university teachers with excellent style of study, innovative spirit and international competitiveness. Further accelerate the reform of the internal management system of universities. Optimize the educational structure and scientific and technological organization structure within the university, innovate the operation mechanism and management system, establish a scientific and reasonable comprehensive evaluation system, and establish an operation mechanism that is conducive to improving the quality and innovation ability of innovative talents, giving full play to their talents and bringing forth talents in large numbers. Actively explore the establishment of a modern university system with China characteristics.
　　3. Promote the reform of science and technology management system.
　　In view of the outstanding problems in the macro-management of science and technology in China, to promote the reform of science and technology management system, the key points are to improve the national science and technology decision-making mechanism, strive to eliminate institutional obstacles, strengthen overall coordination among departments, localities, departments and localities, and between the military and civilians, and effectively improve the ability to integrate scientific and technological resources and organize major scientific and technological activities. First, we must establish and improve the national science and technology decision-making mechanism. We will improve the procedures for major national scientific and technological decisions and form a standardized consultation and decision-making mechanism. Strengthen the state’s overall deployment and macro-management of science and technology development, and strengthen the overall planning of major science and technology policy formulation, major science and technology plan implementation and science and technology infrastructure construction. Second, we must establish and improve the national macro-coordination mechanism for science and technology. Establish science and technology policy as the basic position of national public policy, and form a policy system of coordinated interaction between national science and technology policy and economic policy according to the goal of promoting scientific and technological innovation and enhancing independent innovation ability. Establish a coordination mechanism for the overall allocation of scientific and technological resources among departments. Accelerate the transformation of the functions of the national science and technology administrative departments, promote administration according to law, and improve macro-management capabilities and service levels. Improve the plan management mode and give full play to the role of departments and localities in plan management and project implementation management. Third, we should reform the science and technology review and evaluation system. The evaluation of science and technology projects should embody the principles of justice, fairness, openness and encouraging innovation, and create conditions for all kinds of talents, especially young talents, to stand out. The evaluation of major projects should reflect the national goals. Improve the peer review mechanism, establish a credit system for review experts, and establish a mechanism for international peer experts to participate in the review.Strengthen the supervision of the review process, and expand the openness of the review activities and the scope of knowledge of the auditees. Give special attention and support to innovative small projects, non-consensus projects and interdisciplinary projects, pay attention to the evaluation of the quality, ability and research level of scientific and technological personnel and teams, and encourage original innovation. Establish an independent evaluation system for the implementation of major national science and technology plans, knowledge innovation projects, and natural science fund funding plans. Fourth, we should reform the evaluation and reward system of scientific and technological achievements. According to the different characteristics of scientific and technological innovation activities, according to the principles of openness, fairness, scientific standardization, simplicity and high efficiency, we should improve the scientific research evaluation system and index system, change the phenomenon of excessive evaluation, and avoid quick success and short-term behavior. Innovative activities such as market-oriented applied research and experimental development focus on obtaining independent intellectual property rights and their contribution to industrial competitiveness; Public welfare scientific research activities focus on meeting public needs and generating social benefits; Basic research and frontier scientific exploration focus on scientific significance and academic value. Establish a talent evaluation system that adapts to different nature of scientific and technological work. Reform the national science and technology award system, reduce the number and level of awards, highlight the key points of government science and technology awards, and pay attention to the reward of talents while rewarding projects. Encourage and standardize social forces to set awards.
　　4. Comprehensively promote the construction of national innovation system with China characteristics.
　　The goal of deepening the reform of science and technology system is to promote and improve the construction of national innovation system. The national innovation system is a social system led by the government, giving full play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources, and closely contacting and effectively interacting with all kinds of scientific and technological innovation subjects. At this stage, the key points in the construction of national innovation system with China characteristics are: First, to build a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body and Industry-University-Research as the breakthrough to comprehensively promote the construction of national innovation system. Only by taking enterprises as the main body can we adhere to the market orientation of technological innovation, effectively integrate the strength of Industry-University-Research and effectively enhance the national competitiveness. Only by combining Industry-University-Research can we allocate scientific and technological resources more effectively, stimulate the innovation vitality of scientific research institutions, and enable enterprises to acquire the ability of continuous innovation. At the same time, we must greatly improve the technological innovation ability of enterprises, and establish a new mechanism that scientific research institutes and institutions of higher learning actively serve the technological innovation needs of enterprises and combine various forms of Industry-University-Research. The second is to build a knowledge innovation system that organically combines scientific research with higher education. Focusing on establishing an open, mobile, competitive and cooperative operation mechanism, we will promote the combination and resource integration between research institutes and between research institutes and institutions of higher learning. Strengthen the construction of social public welfare scientific research system. Develop research universities. Strive to form a number of high-level, resource-sharing basic science and cutting-edge technology research bases. The third is to build a national defense science and technology innovation system that combines the military with the people. Promote the close integration of military and civilian science and technology from macro management, development strategy and plan, research and development activities, industrialization of science and technology, etc.Strengthen the development of dual-use technologies for military and civilian use, and form a good pattern in which national outstanding scientific and technological forces serve national defense scientific and technological innovation and national defense scientific and technological achievements are rapidly transformed into civilian use. The fourth is to build a regional innovation system with its own characteristics and advantages. Fully combine the characteristics and advantages of regional economic and social development, and make overall plans for regional innovation system and innovation capacity building. Deepen the reform of local science and technology system. Promote the organic combination of central and local scientific and technological forces. Give play to the important role of universities, research institutes and national high-tech industrial development zones in the regional innovation system, and enhance the support of scientific and technological innovation for regional economic and social development. Strengthen the capacity building of scientific and technological development in the central and western regions. We will earnestly strengthen the construction of grass-roots science and technology systems such as counties (cities). The fifth is to build a socialized and networked science and technology intermediary service system. In view of the outstanding problems such as small scale, single function and weak service ability of science and technology intermediary service industry, we will vigorously cultivate and develop various types of science and technology intermediary service institutions. Give full play to the important role of institutions of higher learning, research institutes and various associations in science and technology intermediary services. Guide science and technology intermediary service institutions to develop in the direction of specialization, scale and standardization.

VIII. Some Important Policies and Measures

　　In order to ensure the implementation of the tasks in this program, we must not only solve the problems of system and mechanism, but also formulate and improve more effective policies and measures. All policies and measures must be conducive to enhancing the ability of independent innovation, stimulating the enthusiasm and creativity of scientific and technological personnel, making full use of domestic and foreign scientific and technological resources, and supporting and leading economic and social development by science and technology. The scientific and technological policies and measures defined in this Outline are formulated in view of the current major contradictions and outstanding problems, and will be continuously enriched and improved with the development of the situation and the progress of the implementation of this Outline.
　　1. Implement fiscal and taxation policies to encourage technological innovation of enterprises.
　　Encourage enterprises to increase investment in research and development and enhance their technological innovation capabilities. Accelerate the implementation of consumption-oriented value-added tax, and include the taxed amount of equipment purchased by enterprises in the scope of value-added tax deduction. On the basis of further implementing various preferential tax policies of the state on promoting technological innovation, accelerating the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and updating equipment, we will actively encourage and support enterprises to develop new products, processes and technologies, increase the intensity of incentive policies such as pre-tax deduction of research and development investment of enterprises, and implement preferential tax policies to promote the development of high-tech enterprises. In combination with the reform of enterprise income tax and enterprise financial system, enterprises are encouraged to establish a special fund system for technological research and development. Allow enterprises to accelerate the depreciation of research and development instruments and equipment. Give necessary tax support policies to the purchase of advanced scientific research instruments and equipment. Increase foreign exchange and financing support for enterprises to set up overseas research and development institutions, and provide foreign investment convenience and quality services.
　　We will fully implement the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Promotion of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, support the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprises of various natures, and give full play to the vitality of technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. Encourage and support small and medium-sized enterprises to cooperate in research and development by means of joint investment and joint entrustment, and give policy support to accelerate the transformation of innovation achievements. Formulate preferential tax policies to support technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
　　2. Strengthen the digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technology.
　　Improve and adjust the national industrial technology policy, and strengthen the digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technology. Formulate policies to encourage independent innovation and limit blind and repeated introduction.
　　By adjusting the structure and focus of government investment, special funds will be set up to support the digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technologies, and support the research and development of major technical equipment and key common technologies in major industries. Take active policies and measures, increase investment through multiple channels, and support enterprises as the main body and Industry-University-Research to jointly carry out digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technologies.
　　Take national major construction projects as an important carrier to enhance the ability of independent innovation. Through the implementation of major national construction projects, we will digest and absorb a number of advanced technologies, conquer a number of key technologies related to national strategic interests, and develop a number of major equipment and key products with independent intellectual property rights.
　　3. Implement government procurement to promote independent innovation.
　　Formulate detailed rules for the implementation of the Government Procurement Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) to encourage and protect independent innovation. Establish a coordination mechanism for government procurement of independent innovation products. The government implements the first purchase policy for important high-tech equipment and products developed by domestic enterprises with independent intellectual property rights. Provide policy support for enterprises to purchase domestic high-tech equipment. Support the formation of technical standards through government procurement.
　　4. Implement intellectual property strategy and technical standard strategy.
　　Protecting intellectual property rights and safeguarding the rights holders’ interests are not only the needs of perfecting the market economy system and promoting independent innovation in China, but also the needs of establishing international credit and carrying out international cooperation. It is necessary to further improve the national intellectual property system, create a legal environment for respecting and protecting intellectual property rights, promote the awareness of intellectual property rights in the whole society and the improvement of the national intellectual property management level, increase the protection of intellectual property rights, and severely crack down on all kinds of violations of intellectual property rights according to law. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a special review mechanism for intellectual property rights of major economic activities such as enterprise mergers and acquisitions and technology transactions to avoid the loss of independent intellectual property rights. To prevent the abuse of intellectual property rights from improperly restricting the normal market competition mechanism and hindering scientific and technological innovation and the popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements. Bring intellectual property management into the whole process of scientific and technological management, and make full use of intellectual property system to improve the level of scientific and technological innovation in China. Strengthen the awareness of intellectual property rights of scientific and technological personnel and scientific and technological managers, and promote enterprises, research institutes and institutions of higher learning to attach importance to and strengthen intellectual property management. Give full play to the important role of trade associations in protecting intellectual property rights. Establish and improve the qualification system and social credit system conducive to intellectual property protection.
　　According to the national strategic needs and industrial development requirements, with the goal of forming independent intellectual property rights, a number of inventions and creations of great significance to economic, social, scientific and technological development have been produced. Organize joint research in Industry-University-Research with enterprises as the main body, and give support in patent application, standard setting, international trade and cooperation.
　　The formation of technical standards is an important goal of the national science and technology plan. Government departments and trade associations should strengthen the guidance and coordination on the formulation of important technical standards and give priority to their adoption. Promote the construction of technical regulations and technical standards system, promote the combination of standard formulation with scientific research, development, design and manufacturing, and ensure the advanced nature and efficiency of standards. Guide production, learning and research to jointly promote the research, formulation and priority adoption of important national technical standards. Actively participate in the formulation of international standards and promote China’s technical standards to become international standards. Strengthen the construction of technical trade measures system.
　　5. Implement financial policies to promote innovation and entrepreneurship.
　　Establish and improve the venture capital mechanism, draft and formulate laws, regulations and related policies to promote the healthy development of venture capital. Actively promote the construction of growth enterprise market and establish a multi-level capital market system to accelerate the industrialization of science and technology. Encourage qualified high-tech enterprises to list on the domestic main board and SME board. Strive to create convenient conditions for high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises to go public overseas. Create a more relaxed financial and foreign exchange policy environment for cross-border capital operation of high-tech venture capital enterprises. In the National High-tech Industrial Development Zone, we will carry out pilot work on the equity circulation of unlisted high-tech enterprises. Gradually establish a technology property rights trading market. We will explore ways of taking government financial funds as the guide and giving priority to investment in policy finance and commercial finance, and take active measures to promote more capital to enter the venture capital market. Establish a national self-regulatory organization for science and technology venture capital industry. Encourage financial institutions to give preferential credit support to major national scientific and technological industrialization projects and scientific and technological achievements transformation projects, establish and improve the intellectual property credit guarantee system and other credit guarantee systems to encourage technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and create favorable conditions for financing of small and medium-sized enterprises. Build various forms of cooperation platforms in technology and finance, and the government will guide various financial institutions and private funds to participate in scientific and technological development. Encourage financial institutions to improve and strengthen financial services for high-tech enterprises, especially for small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises. Encourage insurance companies to increase product and service innovation and provide comprehensive risk protection for scientific and technological innovation.
　　6. Accelerate the industrialization of high-tech and the popularization of advanced and applicable technologies.
　　Taking the industrialization of high and new technology as a key point to adjust the economic structure and change the mode of economic growth. Actively develop high-tech industries that have a breakthrough and significant driving effect on economic growth.
　　Optimize the environment of high-tech industrialization. Continue to strengthen the construction of industrialization bases such as national high-tech industrial development zones. Formulate policies that are conducive to promoting the development of national high-tech industrial development zones and driving the development of surrounding areas. Build an information platform for technology exchange and technology trading, and give policy support to the technology development and service activities carried out by science and technology intermediary service institutions such as National University Science Park, science and technology enterprise incubation base, productivity promotion center and technology transfer center.
　　Increase support for agricultural technology popularization. Establish a new mechanism for popularizing advanced and applicable technologies in rural areas. Take the achievements of agricultural science and technology popularization as an important part of science and technology awards, establish a professional qualification certification system for agricultural technology popularization personnel, and encourage scientific and technological personnel to go deep into the front line of agricultural production to carry out technology popularization activities in various forms. Set up special funds for the transformation and popularization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, promote the popularization of advanced and applicable technologies in rural areas, and support the technological innovation and invention and creation of all kinds of talents in rural areas. The state provides classified guidance and support for agricultural science and technology popularization, encourages and supports the development of multi-mode and socialized agricultural technology popularization organizations, and establishes a diversified agricultural technology popularization system.
　　Support the popularization and application of industry-oriented key and common technologies. Formulate effective policies and measures to support the research, development, popularization and application of technologies before industrial competition, and focus on increasing the popularization and application of key technologies such as electronic information, biology, manufacturing informatization, new materials, environmental protection and energy conservation, so as to promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. Strengthen the construction of technical engineering platform, industrialization demonstration base and intermediate test base.
　　7. Improve the mechanism of combining the military with the people and integrating the military with the people.
　　Strengthen the overall planning and coordination of military-civilian integration. Reform the scientific and technological management system of separating military and civilian, and establish a new scientific and technological management system of combining military and civilian. Encourage military scientific research institutions to undertake civilian scientific and technological tasks; National defense research and development work is open to scientific research institutions and enterprises; Expand the scope of military procurement from civilian scientific research institutions and enterprises. Reform relevant management systems and systems to ensure that non-military scientific research enterprises and institutions participate in the competition of military equipment scientific research and production on an equal footing. Establish a platform for the basic conditions of science and technology for the combination of military and civilian and the sharing of military and civilian.
　　Establish a new mechanism to adapt to the characteristics of national defense scientific research and dual-use scientific research activities. Coordinate the deployment and coordination of military-civilian basic research, strengthen the integration of military-civilian high-tech research and development forces, establish a cooperative mechanism for effective interaction between military and civilian, realize the coordination of research and production of military products and civilian products, and promote the organic integration of military-civilian science and technology.
　　8. Expand international and regional scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges.
　　To enhance the national independent innovation ability, we must make full use of the favorable conditions of opening to the outside world and expand various forms of international and regional scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges.
　　Encourage scientific research institutes, universities and overseas research and development institutions to establish joint laboratories or research and development centers. Support the implementation of international cooperation projects under the framework of bilateral and multilateral scientific and technological cooperation agreements. Establish a scientific and technological cooperation mechanism between the mainland and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and strengthen communication and exchanges.
　　Support Chinese enterprises to "go global". Expand the export of high-tech and its products, and encourage and support enterprises to set up research and development institutions or industrialization bases overseas.
　　Actively participate in international scientific projects and international academic organizations. Support Chinese scientists and research institutions to participate in or take the lead in organizing international and regional large-scale scientific projects. Establish a training system to improve the ability of Chinese scientists to participate in international academic exchanges and support Chinese scientists to hold leadership positions in important international academic organizations. Encourage multinational companies to set up research and development institutions in China. Provide preferential conditions to set up important international academic organizations or offices in China.
　　9. Improve the scientific and cultural quality of the whole nation and create a social environment conducive to scientific and technological innovation.
　　Implement the national action plan for scientific quality. With the goal of promoting people’s all-round development, improve the scientific and cultural quality of the whole people. Vigorously carry forward the scientific spirit, publicize scientific ideas, popularize scientific methods and popularize scientific knowledge in the whole society. Strengthen rural science popularization and gradually establish a training system to improve farmers’ technical and vocational skills. Organize various forms and systematic surgical exploration and scientific experience activities on campus, strengthen innovation education, and cultivate young people’s innovative consciousness and ability. Strengthen the scientific and technological training of cadres and civil servants at all levels.
　　Strengthen the national science popularization capacity building. Rationally arrange and effectively strengthen the construction of popular science venues to improve the operation quality of popular science venues. Establish a system of regular opening of scientific research institutes and universities to the public. Strengthen communication with the public in the implementation of science and technology projects. Prospering popular science creation and building excellent popular science brands. Encourage famous scientists and other experts and scholars to participate in popular science creation. Formulate the topic selection plan for major popular science works and support original popular science works. Set up science and technology communication specialty in colleges and universities, strengthen the basic theoretical research on popular science, and cultivate professional popular science talents.
　　Establish a benign operation mechanism of popular science. Strengthen the integration of advantages of government departments, social organizations, large enterprises and other aspects, and promote cooperation between scientific and technological circles, education circles and mass media. Encourage the development of commercial popular science cultural industries, relax the access restrictions of private and overseas funds to develop popular science industries, formulate preferential policies, and form a diversified investment mechanism for popular science undertakings. Promote the reform of the system and mechanism of public welfare science popularization, stimulate vitality, improve service awareness, and enhance the ability of sustainable development.

Nine, science and technology investment and science and technology basic conditions platform

　　The platform of scientific and technological investment and basic conditions is the material basis of scientific and technological innovation and the important premise and fundamental guarantee for the sustainable development of science and technology. Today’s investment in science and technology is an investment in the future national competitiveness. Since the reform and opening up, China’s investment in science and technology has been increasing, but compared with the great development of China’s science and technology undertakings and the great demand for building a well-off society in an all-round way, compared with developed countries and newly industrialized countries, the total amount and intensity of China’s investment in science and technology are still insufficient, the investment structure is not reasonable, and the basic conditions of science and technology are weak. Nowadays, both developed countries and newly industrialized countries regard increasing investment in science and technology as a strategic measure to improve national competitiveness. China must size up the situation, proceed from strengthening the national independent innovation ability and core competitiveness, substantially increase the investment in science and technology, and strengthen the construction of the platform for basic conditions of science and technology, so as to provide the necessary guarantee for completing the major tasks proposed in this outline.
　　1. Establish a diversified and multi-channel science and technology investment system.
　　Give full play to the guiding role of the government in investment, and enhance the ability of the government to mobilize the allocation of scientific and technological resources in the whole society through various financial investment methods such as direct financial investment and tax incentives. The state financial input is mainly used to support public scientific and technological activities such as basic research, cutting-edge technology research, social welfare research, and major common key technologies research, which cannot be effectively solved by the market mechanism, and to guide the scientific and technological input of enterprises and the whole society. The central and local governments at all levels should, in accordance with the requirements of the Law on the Progress of Science and Technology in People’s Republic of China (PRC), reflect the requirements of statutory growth in the preparation of the budget at the beginning of the year and the allocation of surplus income in budget implementation, ensure that the growth rate of science and technology funds is significantly higher than that of the recurrent fiscal revenue, and gradually increase the proportion of national fiscal science and technology investment in GDP. According to the financial situation of the country, we should make overall arrangements for the funds needed for planning and implementation, and effectively ensure the smooth implementation of major projects. The state will continue to increase investment in major scientific and technological infrastructure construction, and give it priority support in central and local construction investment. While the government increases its investment in science and technology, it strengthens the position of enterprises as the main body of investment in science and technology. In a word, through various efforts, the proportion of China’s total social research and development investment in GDP will increase year by year, reaching 2% in 2010 and more than 2.5% in 2020.
　　2. Adjust and optimize the investment structure to improve the efficiency of the use of science and technology funds.
　　Strengthen support for basic research, cutting-edge technology research, social welfare research, basic conditions of science and technology and popularization of science and technology. Reasonably arrange the proportion of normal operation funds, scientific research project funds and basic conditions of science and technology of scientific research institutions (bases), increase the steady investment in basic research and social welfare scientific research institutions, include popular science funds in the fiscal budget at the same level, and gradually improve the level of popular science investment. Establish and improve the management system of scientific and technological funds to adapt to the laws of scientific research and the characteristics of scientific and technological work, and improve the standardization, safety and effectiveness of the use of financial funds in accordance with the provisions of the state budget management. Improve the openness, transparency and fairness of the national science and technology plan management, gradually establish a budget performance evaluation system for financial science and technology funds, and establish and improve the corresponding evaluation and supervision management mechanism.
　　3. Strengthen the construction of science and technology infrastructure platform.
　　Supported by information, network and other technologies, the science and technology infrastructure platform is composed of research and experiment bases, large-scale scientific facilities and instruments, scientific data and information, natural science and technology resources, etc. Through effective allocation and sharing, it serves the support system of scientific and technological innovation in the whole society. The key points of the construction of the platform for basic conditions of science and technology are:
　　National research and experimental base. According to the country’s major strategic needs, in the emerging frontier cross-cutting fields and fields with Chinese characteristics and advantages, we will mainly rely on national scientific research institutes and research universities to build a number of national laboratories and other scientific research experimental bases with strong teams, high levels and comprehensive disciplines. Strengthen the construction of state key laboratories, and constantly improve the overall level of their operation and management. Constructing the network system of national field scientific observation and research stations.
　　Large scientific projects and facilities. Attach importance to the role of scientific instruments and equipment in scientific research, and strengthen the independent research and development of scientific instruments and equipment and detection technology. Build a number of large-scale scientific projects and infrastructure, including large-scale scientific projects or infrastructure in high-performance calculation, large-scale aerodynamic research and experiments, and scientific experiments under extreme conditions. Promote the sharing and construction of large-scale scientific instruments, equipment and facilities, and gradually form a nationwide sharing network.
　　Scientific data and information platform. Make full use of modern information technology, build a digital science and technology platform based on scientific and technological conditions, promote the sharing of scientific data and literature resources, build a network research environment, provide services to the whole society, and promote the reform of scientific research methods and methods.
　　Natural science and technology resources service platform. Establish a complete system for the protection and utilization of plant and animal germplasm resources, microbial strains and human genetic resources, as well as experimental materials, specimens, rock and mineral fossils and other natural scientific and technological resources.
　　National standards, measurement and testing technology system. Study and formulate high-precision and high-stability measurement-based standards and standard material systems, as well as technical standards in key areas, and improve the testing laboratory system, certification and accreditation system and technical trade measures system.
　　4. Establish a sharing mechanism for the platform of basic conditions of science and technology.
　　Establishing an effective sharing system and mechanism is the key and prerequisite for the success of the platform construction of basic conditions of science and technology. According to the principle of "integration, sharing, perfection and improvement" and drawing lessons from foreign successful experience, we will formulate standards and norms for various scientific and technological resources and establish a system of policies and regulations to promote the sharing of scientific and technological resources. According to the characteristics of different types of scientific and technological resources, flexible and diverse sharing modes are adopted to break the current pattern of fragmentation, mutual closure and repeated dispersion.

X. Construction of Talent Team

　　Scientific and technological innovation, talent-oriented. Talent resources have become the most important strategic resources. It is necessary to implement the strategy of strengthening the country through talents, effectively strengthen the construction of scientific and technological talents, and provide talent guarantee for the implementation of this outline.
　　1. Accelerate the training and bring up a group of senior experts with world-leading level.
　　It is necessary to rely on major scientific research and construction projects, key disciplines and scientific research bases, and international academic exchange and cooperation projects to increase the training of academic leaders and actively promote the construction of innovative teams. Focus on discovering and cultivating a group of strategic scientists and scientific and technological management experts. Special policies should be implemented for senior experts in core technology fields. Further eliminate the phenomenon of seniority and quick success in scientific research, and pay close attention to training and bringing up a group of young and middle-aged senior experts. Improve and perfect the system of professional titles, academicians, special government allowances, postdoctoral system and other high-level talents, and further form an institutional system for training and selecting senior experts, so that a large number of outstanding top-notch talents can stand out.
　　2. Give full play to the important role of education in the cultivation of innovative talents.
　　Strengthen the organic combination of scientific and technological innovation and personnel training, and encourage scientific research institutes and institutions of higher learning to cooperate in training research-oriented talents. Support graduate students to participate in or undertake scientific research projects, encourage undergraduates to invest in scientific research, and cultivate their exploration interest and scientific spirit in innovative practice. Colleges and universities should adapt to the national science and technology development strategy and the market demand for innovative talents, set up some interdisciplinary and emerging disciplines in a timely and reasonable manner, and adjust the professional structure. Strengthen vocational education, continuing education and training, and cultivate all kinds of practical technical professionals to meet the needs of economic and social development. It is necessary to deepen the reform of teaching contents and methods in primary and secondary schools, comprehensively promote quality education and improve scientific and cultural literacy.
　　3. Support enterprises to cultivate and attract scientific and technological talents
　　The state encourages enterprises to employ high-level scientific and technological talents and train outstanding scientific and technological talents, and gives policy support. Encourage and guide scientific and technological personnel from scientific research institutes and institutions of higher learning to enter the market for innovation and entrepreneurship. Scientific and technical personnel from institutions of higher learning and research institutes are allowed to work part-time in enterprises for technology development. Guide college graduates to find jobs in enterprises. Encourage enterprises to cultivate technical talents together with universities and research institutes. Multi-way and multi-channel training of high-level engineering and technical personnel in enterprises. Allow state-owned high-tech enterprises to implement incentive policies such as options for technical backbones and management backbones, and explore specific ways to establish knowledge, technology, management and other factors to participate in distribution. Support enterprises to attract and recruit foreign scientists and engineers.
　　4. Increase efforts to attract high-level talents studying abroad and overseas.
　　Formulate and implement plans to attract outstanding overseas students to work and serve the country, focusing on attracting high-level talents and talents in short supply. Take a variety of ways to establish a talent introduction mechanism that meets the characteristics of overseas students. Increase funding for high-level overseas students to return to China. Vigorously strengthen the construction of overseas students’ entrepreneurial base. Improve the policies and measures for overseas students to serve the country. Increase the open recruitment of high-level innovative talents. Laboratory directors, academic leaders of key scientific research institutions and other senior scientific research posts will be gradually recruited at home and abroad. Implement attractive policies and measures to attract overseas high-level outstanding scientific and technological talents and teams to work in China.
　　5. Construct a cultural environment conducive to the growth of innovative talents.
　　Advocate the patriotic spirit of hard work and self-dedication, the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts and being brave in innovation, and the team spirit of unity and cooperation and indifference to fame and fortune. Advocate rational doubt and criticism, respect individuality, tolerate failure, advocate academic freedom and democracy, and encourage people to dare to explore and be innovative and boldly put forward new theories and doctrines. Stimulate innovative thinking, enliven academic atmosphere, and strive to form a relaxed, harmonious, healthy and upward innovative cultural atmosphere. Strengthen the construction of professional ethics in scientific research and curb impetuous atmosphere and academic unhealthy atmosphere in scientific and technological research.
　　The implementation of the national medium-and long-term scientific and technological development plan involves a wide range, a long time span and high requirements. It is necessary to strengthen organizational leadership and overall coordination and take practical and effective measures to ensure the implementation of various tasks. First, strengthen the connection between this outline and the eleventh five-year plan for national economic and social development. In order to enhance the operability of the outline, it is necessary to closely integrate the relevant contents of the outline with the national economic and social development plan of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan in order of priority, including priority themes, major projects, cutting-edge technologies, basic research, infrastructure platform construction and scientific and technological system reform, etc., and select key tasks that need to be started immediately or urgently solved during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, and make concrete arrangements and deployments in the national economic and social development plan of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. The second is to formulate a number of supporting policies. The development goals, key tasks and policy measures defined in the outline are directional and instructive, and it is necessary to formulate a number of practical and operational supporting policies. Including: the policy of supporting enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation, the policy of promoting the digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technology, the policy of encouraging independent innovation, the policy of increasing investment in science and technology and improving the efficiency of capital use, the policy of deepening the reform of science and technology system and promoting the construction of national innovation system, the policy of accelerating the industrialization of high and new technology, the policy of strengthening the construction of scientific and technological talent team, and the policy of promoting the combination of military and civilian, and the policy of integrating the military with the people. The above policies should instruct the relevant departments to take the lead and participate. On the basis of full investigation and study,We should coordinate and closely integrate science and technology policies with economic policies such as industry, finance, taxation and so on, and promptly implement them. The third is to establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the implementation of the outline. In view of the rapid development of science and technology in the world and the constant changes in domestic economic and social development, it is necessary to establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the implementation of the outline on the basis of economic and social analysis, technical prediction and regular evaluation. The development goals and key tasks set in the outline should be adjusted in a timely and necessary manner according to the new trends and breakthroughs in scientific and technological development at home and abroad and the new needs of China’s economic and social development. Some should be enriched and strengthened, and some should be adjusted appropriately. The fourth is to strengthen the organization and leadership of the implementation of the outline. Under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, we should give full play to the enthusiasm and initiative of all localities, departments and social organizations, make great efforts to coordinate and jointly promote the organization and implementation of the outline. In particular, the national science and technology management department, the development and reform department, the financial department and other comprehensive management departments should cooperate closely, earnestly take responsibility and strengthen specific guidance. All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government should implement the outline in light of local conditions.
　　The implementation of this program is related to the realization of the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, the success of socialist modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Let us, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as the general secretary and under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, strengthen our confidence and work hard to build an innovative country and realize the grand blueprint for China’s scientific and technological development!