Recently, with the global out-of-stock of graphics cards caused by mining, many netizens began to pay attention to Bitcoin, but they knew little about where Bitcoin was. Although there are many popular science articles about Bitcoin on the Internet, it is difficult to understand the true meaning of Bitcoin without relevant financial knowledge.

Therefore, today, the author will try to introduce the principle of Bitcoin and why Bitcoin generates value in the most straightforward words, so that everyone can understand this "virtual payment system" more intuitively.

Super mine

1. Origin of Bitcoin

To fully understand the origin of Bitcoin, we have to mention the existing financial system.

As we all know, money itself has no value. At first, human beings traded by barter, but there were many inconveniences, so it was difficult to exchange what they needed. So money came into being. Through the intermediary of money, different items can be priced according to their rarity, which simplifies the transaction process.

Although currency trading has many advantages, it also has a fatal disadvantage, which is centralization. 100% of the existing currency in the world is issued or abolished by the national central bank, and ordinary people cannot participate in currency issuance or central bank accounts. If the central bank keeps issuing money, it will dilute the money in people’s hands and reduce the purchasing power of money.

This is by no means alarmist. Such incidents have happened in some countries in the world.

For example, in Zimbabwe, in recent years, the government has issued a large number of excessive currencies, which led to the near collapse of Zimbabwe’s economy, and finally it had to introduce the US dollar into the local legal tender. Now Zimbabwean economists are considering alternatives to bitcoin.

For example, in India, on November 8, 2016, Indian officials suddenly announced that banknotes with denominations of 500 rupees (worth 7 US dollars) and 1,000 rupees (worth 15 US dollars) were abolished in the early hours of the 9 th, which caused 85% of the property in the hands of Indian people to instantly become waste paper.

In order to solve this problem, Satoshi Nakamoto, the father of Bitcoin, put forward the concept of decentralization in 2009, that is to say, issuing money on open source software and building a P2P network on it to build a decentralized payment system. Many readers see this and don’t understand. What is decentralization? What is P2P network?

Let’s take the popular WeChat payment in China as an example. Although WeChat and Bitcoin are both virtual payment systems, every transaction of WeChat must be conducted in the banking system, and the bank is the center of WeChat payment. Decentralization is peer-to-peer transaction, which is not affected by any other factors.

P2P network is better understood. P2P is the abbreviation of peer-to-peer, that is, "partner-to-partner", also known as peer-to-peer network. For example, if you download a movie through iQiyi, you will transfer the movie from the iQiyi server to your computer. And if you download a movie from P2P resources, it is downloaded from other P2P users’ computers that already have this movie resource, and if other P2P users need this resource, they can also download it from your computer.

Bitcoin is like this movie.It does not exist in the central server like the central bank, but in hundreds of millions of computers in the world. Since the issue, theoretically, no one can control the number of bitcoins, nor can it artificially manipulate the currency value by manufacturing a large number of bitcoins.The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner, and the security is excellent.

However, Bitcoin is not perfect, and there is a fatal flaw that prevents it from becoming legal tender, which we will talk about below.

2. How is Bitcoin produced?

First of all, let’s take a look at the "blockchain". The core principle of Bitcoin is "blockchain". Each block corresponds to a bill. Linking all blocks is a blockchain, and any transaction information and transfer records are recorded in the blockchain. It should be noted that the blockchain exists throughout the Internet, so any bitcoin holder is not worried about the loss of Bitcoin.

Every other time, the Bitcoin system will generate a random code on the system node, and all computers in the Internet can look for this code. Whoever finds this code will generate a block and then get a Bitcoin. This process is what people often say. Mining.Calculating this random code requires a lot of GPU operations, so miners purchase massive graphics cards to get bitcoin profits faster, which is also an important reason for the recent shortage of graphics cards.

Some people say that there will be more and more bitcoins, and finally there will be no value at all? Of course, Satoshi Nakamoto also thought of this problem. There is another mechanism in the Bitcoin system:That is, the total amount of Bitcoin is limited. In the first four years, the total amount will generate 10.5 million BTC, and the output will be halved every four years. In the fourth to eighth years, it will generate 5.25 million BTC, and in the eighth to twelfth years, it will only generate 2.625 million BTC, and so on. In the end,The total amount of bitcoin generated is close to 21 million BTC.

At present, a bitcoin is divided into eight decimal places based on the current data structure, that is, 0.00000001BTC, and the smallest unit for miners to dig bitcoin is 0.00000001BTC.

Generally speaking, Bitcoin is like a golden mountain with a total of 21 million gold coins. To get it, players need to use the computing power of computers to calculate a set of numbers that conform to specific laws according to existing algorithms.

Of course, these math problems are becoming more and more difficult with the increase of existing bitcoin.

3. Why can Bitcoin generate value? What are the disadvantages?

In fact, this question itself is wrong. As mentioned above, any currency itself has no value. Only a sufficient number of people believe in currency can make it have "value", and this "value" is quoted. But now many people believe that bitcoin can bring them wealth, so bitcoin has produced "value".

Let’s review the characteristics of Bitcoin.

1. The total amount is limited, only 21 million BTC.

2. Anyone can issue Bitcoin, but it is more and more difficult to issue it.

3. Compared with the central bank currency, it is safer and almost impossible to be stolen.

4. The transaction process is completely anonymous and cannot be traced.

Based on the above advantages, more and more people are willing to convert their wealth into equivalent bitcoin, and at the same time cancel the legal tender representation of these wealth, so the price of bitcoin has started to rise continuously. The more people believe in Bitcoin, the fiercer the price rise of Bitcoin will be. Of course, the incident that Bitcoin soared 21,000 yuan and fell to 17,000 yuan a few days ago belongs to speculation. The long-term advantage of Bitcoin cannot be influenced by speculation. In the end, Bitcoin will be relatively stable in the total wealth it really represents, but at this stage, the price fluctuation of Bitcoin is still too intense.

Judging from the performance of Bitcoin at this stage, Bitcoin has a low liquidity level and high liquidity risk, so it can’t effectively perform the three basic functions of currency, such as trading medium, pricing unit and value storage, and can’t become a real currency.

Coupled with the limited number of bitcoins, deflation will become more and more serious. Imagine if you replace the global currency with Bitcoin. If a person owns 10,500,000 BTC, he will own half of the world’s property in the years to come! And pay attention to this wealth is permanent. Therefore, it is completely impossible for Bitcoin to completely replace money.

4, mining income analysis

Finally, let’s talk about the analysis of mining income. The mining cost mainly includes replacement: mining machine (or ordinary home computer), electricity fee and house rent. Because the computing power of Bitcoin is too complicated, the computer work in ZOL evaluation room may not progress for several months, so here we take — — Taking the mining of Ethereum (a virtual currency similar to Bitcoin) as an example, we conducted an experiment on the mining income of mainstream graphics cards for everyone.

For mining, the graphics card is the core, and the rest are auxiliary accessories. Considering that everyone uses different platforms, the mining cost considered here only includes the price of the graphics card and the electricity fee. For the electricity fee, we refer to the second step of Beijing’s ladder electricity price of 0.5383 yuan/kWh.

The specific test results are as follows:

【Radeon RX 580 graphics card】

Power consumption of the whole machine: 243W W.

Computational force: 22.4M

Graphics card price: 1999 yuan

Number of ETH excavations every 24 hours: 0.015

Revenue generated every 24 hours: 24.48 yuan.

Estimated return time: 81.66 days.

【Radeon RX 470 graphics card】

Power consumption of the whole machine: 159W W.

Computational force: 24.3M

Graphics card price: 1599 yuan

Number of ETH excavations every 24 hours: 0.017

Revenue generated every 24 hours: 27.9 yuan

Estimated return time: 57.31 days.

【Radeon RX 480 graphics card】

Power consumption of the whole machine: 171W W.

Computational force: 24.4M

Graphics card price: 1999 yuan

Number of ETH excavations every 24 hours: 0.017

Revenue generated every 24 hours: 27.87 yuan.

Estimated return time: 71.73 days.

【Radeon RX 560 graphics card】

Power consumption of whole machine: 97W

Computational power: 9.2

Graphics card price: 999 yuan

Number of ETH excavations every 24 hours: 0.006

Revenue generated every 24 hours: 10.09 yuan.

Estimated return time: 99.01 days.

【GeForce GTX 1060 graphics card】

Power consumption of the whole machine: 175W

Computational power: 22M

Graphics card price: 1999 yuan

Number of ETH excavations every 24 hours: 0.015

Revenue generated every 24 hours: 24.86 yuan.

Estimated return time: 80.41 days.

【GeForce GTX 1070 graphics card】

Power consumption of the whole machine: 220W

Computational force: 25.7M

Graphics card price: 2899 yuan

Number of ETH excavations every 24 hours: 0.017

Revenue generated every 24 hours: 28.84 yuan.

Estimated return time: 100.52 days.

To sum up the data, we can find that Radeon RX 470 graphics card is the fastest, only taking 57.31 days. GeForce GTX 1070 has the worst overall efficiency, and it takes 100.52 days to return to its original cost.

Please note, however, that the return time of this test is only calculated by the value of the graphics card, and the platform cost and site cost are not calculated. There are many sudden situations in the actual operation of the mining machine, such as downtime, hardware damage, power failure and so on. Therefore, readers who intend to mine should also carefully consider that mining is difficult to make a profit without very low-cost electricity.

Write at the end:

With the orderly implementation of cashless society, paper money will inevitably disappear in the long river of history with the passage of time. Digital currency in the future is believed to be similar to Bitcoin, but it is by no means a limited supply.

Instead, when the ability of human beings to produce wealth can be completely matched by the computing power of computers, the issuing speed of electronic money is directly proportional to the computing speed of computers or slightly exceeds a certain ratio to create moderate inflation. In the future, mining will also create value instead of wasting electricity.

In the end, digital currency achieved the match between the slight change of productivity and the difficulty of computing power, which may be the final form of human currency!

On the aspect of appearance design, the 4th generation adopts the latest family design language. The large-size air intake grille of the front of the car is decorated with black honeycomb material, which is highly recognizable with headlights on both sides. In the rear part, the taillights of the new car are sharp in shape and have a good visual effect after lighting. At the same time, the new car is equipped with a two-way exhaust layout, and the sports effect is more obvious.

In terms of interior, the new car has also been upgraded, adopting the latest family style, equipped with cool full LCD instrument panel, 10.2-inch central control display screen, new style, front and rear integrated multifunctional entertainment seats, leather /alcantara spliced seats, car refrigerator, front seat heating/driver seat memory, rear seat electric folding function, front collision warning system, lane departure warning system, panoramic image and intelligent parking assistance system.

The length, width and height are 4946×2047×1820mm respectively, and the wheelbase has reached 2997 mm. In the same class, the wheelbase of Range Rover Sport Edition ranks 46th. This size exceeds most models in its class. The actual interior space performance is also very good. From the actual ride experience, the front and rear rows are relatively spacious. The sunroof of Range Rover Sport Edition 3.0T provides a wider view, which can create a better visual environment and good sensitivity for the rear passengers and increase the light entrance for the whole vehicle. Among the models of the same price and class, the trunk volume of Range Rover Sport Edition ranks 14th. It can basically meet the luggage space for family travel. But there is no extra hidden storage space.

The Range Rover Sport Edition is equipped with a 3.0 engine with a maximum output of 294kW and a maximum torque of 550Nm. 3.0 The engine is matched with the Range Rover Sport Edition, and its power performance is quite satisfactory, and its low torque is weak and it can feel hysteresis. The official measured zero-acceleration score of Range Rover Sport Edition is 5.5S, ranking 110th among more than 800,000 SUV models.

The active/passive safety configuration of Range Rover Sport Edition is complete, includingAutomatic parking、Zero tire pressure endurance tire、Automatic parking、Steep slope descent、hill start assist control、knee airbag、HUD head-up display、Anti-lock braking (ABS)、Braking force distribution (EBD/CBC, etc.)、Brake assist (EBA/BAS, etc.)、Traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.)、Active noise reduction、Engine start and stop、Side safety air curtain、Wireless charging of mobile phone、night vision system、LED daytime running lights、Forward reversing radar、Tire pressure monitoring、Steering wheel heating、Body stability control (ESP/DSC, etc.)、Rear reversing radar、Fatigue reminder、Remote parking、Child seat interface、Lane keeping (LKAS)Equal configuration.

Among them,Automatic parkingYou can avoid stepping on the brakes for a long time or needing to pull frequently;Steep slope descentCan safely pass through steep slope road conditions at low speed;knee airbagReduce the injury of the car interior to the occupant’s knees in the secondary collision.

In order to have a more comprehensive and objective understanding of Range Rover Sport Edition, you can go to the Easy Car Range Rover Sport Edition Forum and browse the messages of users who have bought the car in history.

Special feature of 1905 film network "From’ killing’ last night to three o’clock in the morning," before entering the recording studio, screenwriter Ke Zhang took the lead in sharing the latest experience of script killing. "To tell the truth, it was really top-notch."

As a new offline social game in recent years, script killing, which takes reasoning as the axis and takes into account the interests of different types, has not only become one of the best choices for the general public in leisure, but also won the favor of professional screenwriters.

By the end of 2020, there have been more than 30,000 offline stores nationwide. According to Jia Tongtong, the owner of Beijing You Mao Ni Script Reasoning Agency, every weekend and other holidays, there are almost as many players coming to the store, and it is not uncommon to make an appointment.

Meng Xin, who was regarded by friends as an "hardcore" script to kill players, is still worried about the last experience of trusting the "murderer". Regardless of victory or defeat, that immersive experience is still the driving force for her next save. "The script kills me. What attracts me most is that I can immerse myself in my role and enjoy a different life."

As few as one person, more than ten people. Just a relatively closed place, carefully read the unknown scripts assigned or chosen by yourself, and sometimes even put on special costume props, and an average of four to six hours of puzzle solving tour will begin.

Ke Zhang, who had participated in the script creation, often discussed relevant work with his peers around the round table of script killing.

"We will instinctively have the sensitivity of a narrator." In his view, script killing is essentially an art of narration. "The young audience killed by script is also highly coincident with the target audience of movies and TV series. For our screenwriters, it is necessary to fully understand their aesthetic needs and hobbies for narrative models."

Hard core book, emotional book, fun book, horror book, drinking book … … With the gradual expansion of the script killing market, a wide variety of script killing books emerge in an endless stream, which has a fuller packaging outside the reasoning core. In essence, this is also approaching the type of film and television.

Under this wave, many screenwriters have been involved in or devoted to script writing full-time, among which there are many professional screenwriters with well-known works.

Beichen, who has participated in the scriptwriting of a series of films, is one of them. In the connection with Today’s Film Review, he also gave three reasons for his "career change":

First of all, script killing has a higher degree of creative freedom, and you can create your favorite world freely; Secondly, the creative cycle of script killing is "comfortable", which can directly establish a feedback mechanism with players, and there is no interference from the management in the film and television field. Third, and most importantly, the project money goes directly to the author, and the time for payment back is much shorter than that of film and television projects.

"On average, the (script killing) circle is getting along well, and there are 100,000 and 200,000 people every month," he joked with a smile in response to the rumor that the script killing screenwriter earns 50,000 a month. "Of course, I am not (monthly) 50,000, and I may have to earn 200,000 or 300,000."

However, this seemingly easy "earning millions a year" high salary temptation is not so attractive for most screenwriters who like script killing. At the scene of the "Today’s Film Review" program, Ke Zhang also calculated the account for himself:

Take the script killing of five people as an example, five characters have five manuals, each of which is 100 pages in total according to 20 pages, and the writing volume is nearly 200,000 words. At the same time, a 90-minute movie script is only 30,000 to 40,000 words. According to the "cost performance", a successful professional film writer still earns more than the script kills the author.

Of course, he is addicted to the mechanism of script killing game, and admits that it is very difficult to write script killing that often needs to take into account multiple perspectives. "The Sacrifice is only three perspectives. If you give me ten perspectives, I will be crazy."

In fact, even the super IP in the film industry, such as "detective chinatown", has been defeated in the field of script killing. According to Beichen, the return rate of the script-killing work "detective chinatown 3: Seven Stars Lost" derived from it has reached the peak of the script-killing history, and nearly 500 stores have joined forces to ask for a refund, which shows the degree of acclimatization.

Even so, the connection between script killing and film and television circles is still strengthening. Following Detective Chinatown 3’s launch of script killing derivatives, the upcoming film will also launch offline theme script killing activities. In Ke Zhang’s view, this may be a useful supplement to the film announcement matrix and even the subsequent series of films, but before doing it, we should carefully examine whether its content is suitable for transformation, and we should not have a "harvest" mentality.

For the script killing industry, the screenwriter gives an image analogy: a kind of "drama karaoke". In his eyes, the brilliance of the script killing industry will make the audience pay more attention to the story content and improve their own level of watching movies, thus forcing the film and television industry to further improve.

In this regard, Ke Zhang, as a first-line creator, also quite agrees. "Killing the script is that we want to be close to our audience without distance." When watching his own movies in the cinema, he always chooses to "secretly observe" any feedback from the audience in the corner. The script kill, also extended by the script, also gave him a similar mirror.

"If we are not present, we will be abandoned by the times, so we will not only go to the top, but also go to the top."

Director’s observation:This is the first time to explore the connection between script killing and film writers. This program explains from shallow to deep whether a film screenwriter should change careers to be a script killer. Many wonderful contents can’t be completely covered due to the length of time, and I hope they can be supplemented in the next topic. (Tommy)

In fact, there is no prophecy about the fall of Nissan, especially in today’s society, it may take a hundred years to make a brand, but if a brand wants to die, a month? Even a week is enough! Returning to Nissan, it is not difficult to find that Honda’s life is not so good, but Nissan is relatively worse. And the "new" just announced in the picture may give you a new understanding of Nissan!

According to the current evaluation of this car by multiple media, the simple four words "reborn"! This is still a very high evaluation of the new car! First of all, the design style of the new car is no longer compromised to any market. Although the shape is simple and rough, it just fits the concept of the new car. On the front face, the V-motion grille is almost rectangular in design, and the internal composition is more complicated. There are two silver decorative bands and a lighting Nissan LOGO at the top, and a dot matrix decorative belt at the bottom! In the past, the single C-shaped headlights were replaced by a double C-shaped design for the first time, which maximized its sense of power! The front surround is designed with a closed back-shaped design, which is slightly similar to the new style.

The new car is 5305mm long, 2030mm wide, 1930mm high, and has a wheelbase of 3075mm. From the data point of view, the identity of the Big Mac is undoubtedly revealed! Unlike the front of the car, the side has become smoother, and the waist line and the side are fused together, which may be a problem of the color of the group picture, so the front and rear eyebrows are not obvious, but if you look carefully, you can see that the new car has double eyebrows, and the added side skirts have also become sharper. The glass above and the blackened B-pillar and C-pillar, including the luggage rack at the top, are all elements, while the adjusted C-pillar can add a bit of fashion sense. At the end, the brand-new C-shaped tail light and the penetrating light strip above form a semi-wrapped layout. The bottom of the logo is printed with the English of ARMADA, indicating the identity. The raised back surround is also one of the few designs that follow the previous generation.

Compared with the interior, the appearance is just "a piece of cake"! A new layout has been adopted for the first time! The display area of the new car is a set of dual 12.3-inch connected screens, while depending on the model and configuration, the medium and high-end models are equipped with a combination of dual 14.3-inch connected screens and a 7-inch HUD head-up display. The physical buttons can be retained for operation! And on the intelligent system, active safety functions such as lane departure warning. Pro Pilot Assist is standard on all models, and the flagship version also provides Pro Pilot 2.1 advanced driver assistance technology for the first time.

The seats are equipped with a new and upgraded version of the super-large sofa, which takes into account the off-road ability while ensuring the overall comfort. Looking at the power, the new car is equipped with a 3.5L twin-turbo, which is matched with a 9-speed automatic transmission and an adaptive four-wheel drive system.

At present, the new car has been fully unveiled. In terms of data and design alone, this new "is still very online, but whether it is finally accepted remains to be further tested by the market. I don’t know what you think of this car. Interested friends are welcome to leave a message in the message area.

　　New Blue Net-China Blue News Client August 10 (Reporter Yu Di) The Six Dynasties Gold Powder Land, Jinling Imperial State. In 211 AD, Sun Quan, the Emperor of Soochow, moved to Moling and changed Moling to Jianye the following year, thus opening the profound history of Nanjing as the "ancient capital of the Six Dynasties". On August 9th, the reporter of New Blue Net-China Blue News Client followed the "Great River Flowing — — Report from the Yangtze River Economic Belt "The interview group came to Nanjing to experience the rich cultural heritage of the city.

　　Nanjing Museum: Carrying History and Serving the Present

　　Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall. The best place to learn about a place is a museum. On the morning of August 9th, the reporter went to the Nanjing Museum, which is located at the southern foot of the Purple Mountain. It is a magnificent building with yellow tiles and red walls. It is not so much a building displaying historical sites as a reflection of a period of history. "The categories of our collections can be said to be very rich, including palace and folk; There are national, regional, material and intangible … …” Gong Liang, director of Nanjing Museum, told reporters that the museum has more than 420,000 pieces (sets) of various collections, and the number of collections ranks among the top three in China. Due to the rich types of cultural relics, it has built the characteristics of "one hospital and six museums" — — That is, history museum, special exhibition hall, digital museum, art museum, non-legacy museum and Republic of China museum.

　　As the earliest museum established in China, Nanjing Museum was formerly the National Central Museum initiated by Cai Yuanpei in 1933. "Mr. Liang Sicheng sets the rules, ‘ The building of the Central Museum must have the inherent form of China architecture ’ So when you come in from the main hall, you can see that we have the characteristics of China. " Gong Liang said that Nanjing Museum bears the long history and tradition of the Chinese nation. Its architectural language is classical, but its connotation is broad and inclusive. "Our Chinese civilization is pluralistic and integrated, and so is our museum, which is inclusive and all-encompassing."

　　"We now have two temporary exhibitions, one borrowed from the Czech Republic and called ‘ Mu Xia — — The jewel of European Art Nouveau movement ’ This is very popular among young people and literary youth; In addition, we made a summer parent-child exhibition, which was very popular with parents and children. " Gong Liang introduced that a total of 3.29 million people visited the Nanjing Museum last year, with an average stay of 3 hours and 50 minutes. "What we are pursuing is to serve the public and meet the differentiated cultural demands of the public, so our content is inclusive. We are at ‘ One hospital, six halls ’ At the same time, there will be 22 to 23 exhibitions every year. I hope that all visitors to Nanjing Museum can have more than one museum or exhibition they like. "

　　"Our museum is like the culture of Nanjing. In the culture of Nanjing, mutual tolerance is very important. Nanjing has no particularly obvious characteristics, and tolerance is the most important cultural feature of Nanjing. " Gong Liang said.

　　Jiangsu Grand Theatre: A Shared and Inclusive Cultural Space

　　In the Riverside New Town in Hexi, Nanjing, four "water drop" buildings of Jiangsu Grand Theatre poetically perched on the "lotus leaf" elevated platform, forming a group of soft and magnificent modern art buildings, which complement the ancient Nanjing Museum. “‘ Lotus leaf water drop ’ The design concept not only embodies the cultural meaning of water rhyme in the south of the Yangtze River, but also shows the inclusive mind of confluence. " Zhu Min, general manager of Jiangsu Grand Theatre, introduced that the building area of the Grand Theatre is more than 270,000 square meters. The four "water drops" include 2,280 opera halls, 1,001 drama halls, 1,500 concert halls and 2,711 large variety halls, as well as 780 small variety halls and ancillary facilities. The performances cover opera, music, dance, drama, opera and other art forms.

　　"It officially opened in August last year, with more than 130 performances, of which more than 60% were performed in concert halls, and the attendance rate reached 69.5% last year." Zhu Min introduced that since its opening in August 2017, Jiangsu Grand Theatre has welcomed top artists or groups such as zubin mehta and Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra, Russian national treasure soprano Anna Netrebko, famous conductor Li Xincao and China National Symphony Orchestra.

　　Zhu Min told reporters that the goal of Jiangsu Grand Theatre is to build a palace of art and a spiritual home: "In addition to masterpieces by famous artists, we also have city concerts. Culture, sound and art from different cities all over the world spread here, making people feel different things. "

　　"The theater is a carrier and platform and a public cultural facility. Art has no borders, and all art can be presented here. I hope that our theater will become a shared and inclusive cultural space and spread our culture and art to all parts of the world while communicating with other arts and cultures. " Zhu Min said.

Original: Wang Yong

Prosthetic limb is one of the most important assistive devices for the physically disabled, which can help them to work, study and live like normal people. So how are artificial limbs made? Let’s look at a set of pictures first:

Take the leg prosthesis as an example. First, a plaster bandage should be wrapped around the end of the stump to take shape.

Secondly, take off the plaster bandage and it will become a negative type, and then adjust the negative type according to the patient’s situation.

Thirdly, pouring gypsum into the female mold to form the male mold. Similarly, the male type should be adjusted.

Fourth, with a male mold, you can make an inner sleeve (soft material to protect the part in contact with the prosthesis).

Fifth, make a receiving cavity (where the stump is inserted, use strong materials such as resin).

Sixth, assembly (the receiving cavity, joints, foot plates, etc. are assembled together).

Seventh, test, adjust and shape.

Whether it looks simple or not, it is actually very complicated. Then, how can people with physical disabilities get funding and install artificial limbs? In mid-July, the reporter of Public Welfare Times went to Qinghai to fit prostheses for local disabled people with the help of the implementation team of the prosthetic orthopedic adaptation rescue project of the China Welfare Foundation for the Disabled, and learned about related issues.

Personalized adaptation

On the morning of July 10th, 55-year-old Zhao Changqing finally met Liu Jinsong, director of the Orthopedic Department of Beijing Bo ‘ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, who came to fit his prosthesis.

As a teenager, Zhao Changqing, who was accidentally crushed to the leg by a train and had his left calf amputated, has been fitted with a prosthetic for several years, but it has not been replaced because of financial difficulties at home. In order to reduce the wear and tear, Zhao Changqing had to wrap the rest of his left leg in layers of cloth, and then wear artificial limbs.

Liu Jinsong carefully examined the condition of Zhao Changqing’s left stump. "There is too little left in the calf, it is not easy to exert force, it is more difficult to drive the prosthesis, and the end is not able to bear the weight. It is more complicated than I knew before. " Liu Jinsong said.

After discussion, Liu Jinsong team decided to assemble the left kneeled leg prosthesis for Zhao Changqing.

According to Liu Jinsong, the situation like Zhao Changqing is not uncommon. Every disabled person’s limb disability is different, and there is no universal standard type prosthesis to use, which needs personalized adaptation.

"Because the situation of each disabled person is different, every step of making artificial limbs requires the staff to make detailed adjustments." Liu Jinsong stressed.

Disabled people with artificial limbs also need to be familiar with the use of artificial limbs through a certain period of rehabilitation training. "It takes about two weeks to wear a prosthetic, and it takes more than a month to wear it." Liu Jinsong said.

Participation of social forces

According to Liu Jinsong, due to the high technical requirements and the high corresponding costs, many disabled people cannot make such personalized prosthetic adaptation. Zhao Changqing was able to get such an opportunity, thanks to the development of the prosthetic orthopedic adaptation rescue project of the China Welfare Foundation for the Disabled.

"We found in the preliminary investigation that there is almost no rehabilitation field in the public welfare projects of serious illness relief. At the same time, there are 24.72 million people with physical disabilities in China, and the demand for prosthetic adaptation is particularly great. As a welfare foundation for the disabled, we have advantages in this field, so we discussed with the China Rehabilitation Research Center the launch of a prosthetic orthopedic adaptation rescue project. " Chang Da, deputy director of the Publicity Department of China Disabled Welfare Foundation, said.

The project was initiated by the China Welfare Foundation for the Disabled and implemented by the China Rehabilitation Research Center. Through the network of rehabilitation centers and communities in various provinces and cities across the country, poor limb patients were screened for prosthetic orthopedic adaptation surgery, and through later professional rehabilitation training, they were enabled to have basic working ability and independent life.

According to Liu Jinsong, generally speaking, the project insists on providing help to disabled people with poor families. "Children are given priority, the pillars of the family are given priority, the technical requirements are higher, and the priorities that cannot be done locally."

The recipients can go to China Rehabilitation Research Center in Beijing for adaptation, and China Rehabilitation Research Center will also go to local areas for adaptation according to the situation. "On the one hand, it can reduce the burden on patients, on the other hand, it can communicate with local technicians to promote the level of local prosthetic adaptation." Liu Jinsong said.

According to Changda, the project was launched in 2016 and has been implemented for four years, raising more than 10 million yuan through the Internet.

In 2019, the project expert group plans to go deep into poverty-stricken areas in western China, such as Xizang, Ningxia and Qinghai, and carry out rescue screening, with the goal of rescuing 48 patients in the above areas.

The project rescue work in Qinghai began three months ago. The Department of Prosthetics and Orthopedics of China Rehabilitation Research Center and Qinghai Provincial Rehabilitation Service Center for the Disabled jointly carried out the screening work for the aided patients, and 13 patients were screened out.

After the relevant application materials have been approved by the China Welfare Foundation for the Disabled, the China Rehabilitation Research Center will send an expert group to conduct on-the-spot inspection, measurement and selection, production, adaptation and adjustment, training and guidance for the patients. It is planned to complete the assembly of 13 aided patients (17 prostheses) in 3 to 4 weeks.

Integrate into social development

Although the scale of disabled people who have finished assembling artificial limbs through the project is not too large at present, the effect is very obvious-with artificial limbs, disabled people can work like ordinary people and even start businesses. One-legged courier brother Li Hongjun is one of them.

Li Hongjun, born in 1985, was raised by his uncle when his mother died at the age of 4. Before graduating from primary school, Li Hongjun set foot on the society. At the age of 17, he lost his right leg because of an accident on the construction site. After the operation, Li Hongjun returned to junior high school to continue his studies. When he graduated from junior high school, he was already 20 years old.

After graduation, Li Hongjun worked as a worker, an actor in a disabled art troupe, opened a newsstand and delivered a courier. The days when the courier was delivered were very difficult for Li Hongjun. "The main reason is that it is inconvenient to move, and the movement is much slower." What he is most afraid of is to send large goods, because his legs and feet are inconvenient for one person to move.

In 2017, Li Hongjun, who received assistance from the prosthetic orthopedic adaptation rescue project, came to China Rehabilitation Research Center. China Rehabilitation Research Center sent an expert team composed of orthopedic surgeons, prosthetic engineers and rehabilitation therapists to consult him, discuss and formulate the configuration plan, and finally adapt the prosthesis for him.

After several weeks of rehabilitation training, including simple weight bearing, center of gravity shifting, walking inside the bar, walking outside the bar, going up and down stairs, breaking up and down, walking on complicated outdoor roads, etc., Li Hongjun finally walked step by step from not being able to use artificial limbs to being able to walk on crutches and finally walking without crutches.

With the help of artificial limbs, Li Hongjun is more confident. When he first started delivering express delivery, his greatest wish was to have a courier store. In 2018 "double 11", the courier station jointly operated by Li Hongjun and his friends finally opened.

Talent cultivation is a big problem.

The role of prosthetic orthopedic adaptation in the fields of helping the disabled and tackling poverty is undoubtedly very important, but there are still many problems to be solved in order to promote it on a large scale.

First, the funding problem remains to be solved. Compared with congenital heart disease, leukemia and other serious diseases, the urgency of prosthetic adaptation is not so strong. It is difficult to raise funds when raising funds publicly on the Internet, and few charitable organizations launch such projects. The China Welfare Foundation for the Disabled can only solve a limited number of problems.

"We hope to make this project a brand and build a rescue fund pool through fundraising." Chang Da said.

Second, there is a shortage of professionals and equipment. As mentioned earlier, prosthetic adaptation needs to be handled one by one, "equivalent to the difference between ready-made clothes and customization." Liu Jinsong said that, therefore, a large number of professionals are needed, but there are very few prosthetics and orthotists in China and few training institutions.

According to Liu Jinsong, there are more than 2,000 prosthetic orthopedic institutions in Germany with a population of 80 million, but there are no specialized prosthetic orthopedic rooms in some provinces in China.

"When we go to local areas to carry out projects, we bring our own materials and borrow local equipment, but in many places, the technical accessibility is not enough and our staff need to develop them on the spot. Despite this, the requirements are the same, and we emphasize that the staff should have the spirit of artisans. " Liu Jinsong stressed.

-END

　　　　On June 15th, the 2014 National Motorcycle Championship sponsored by AMA (American Motorcycle Association) ended in Knoxville, Tennessee. Harley-Davidson Zanotti, sponsored by TOP1 lubricants in the United States, took the lead from the beginning of the race with the wonderful performance of talented driver Kenny Coolbeth, and won the championship of this race again, and its lap speed of 22.677 seconds became the highest of the day. Steven Borsey, another driver of TOP1 Harley-Davidson, a teenager born in 1990s, regrets that he only won the 5th place in this station and missed the podium.

　　　　It is worth mentioning that 37-year-old Kenny Coolbeth drove the Harley-Davidson chariot with a brand-new breakthrough (TOP1) all over synthetic engine oil for the first time, which brought the racing performance to a higher level in this race.

　　　　After the race, Coolbeth was far from excited to win the championship in Daytona. After all, he had never conquered Daytona circuit before this season. "It’s so exciting to win Daytona. I’ve been trying for 21 years, and now I’ve finally accomplished this great achievement." Coolbeth’s excitement is beyond words.

　　　　After the race, Kenny Coolbeth led all drivers with 80 points. This is a good start for Coolbeth, who just joined TOP1 Harley-Davidson Zanotti this year. Kenny Coolbeth said after the race, "The team provided me with such excellent equipment that everything came naturally. I am very happy to work with such an excellent team so that I can enjoy the whole track. "

　　　　　Behind Kenny Coolbeth’s success, the TOP1 Harley-Davidson Zanotti team’s careful preparation can be described as a great contribution. Five Harley-Davidson XP750s cars with the same specifications have escorted the intensive year-round events, and the breakthrough (TOP1) lubricating oil cooperated with Harley-Davidson Zanotti team this season can also keep the cars in the best condition.

　　　　David Zanotti, the owner of Zanotti, who aims to win the championship, talked about the cooperation with TOP1 lubricants. "We have been striving to form an alliance with outstanding talents, sponsors and high-quality products, which is why we have been leading in this event. The products, technical support and even experience provided by TOP1 make us more confident to win this year’s championship! "

　　　　American Breakthrough (TOP1) lubricants provide technical support for Harley-Davidson Zanotti team, including lubricating oil, brake oil and synthetic high-temperature grease. As one of the three major competitive engine oil brands in the world, TOP1 has successively created two Guinness World Records and three world firsts in the course of nearly 40 years’ development. He has sponsored and participated in many extreme motorcycle races, such as Dakar Rally, MOTO GP and Fancy Motorcycle World Championship, and has sponsored seven motorcycle teams of Ducati, Harley, KTM, Kawasaki, Suzuki, Honda and Yamaha.

　　　　The devil’s schedule of 8 races in the next 40 days may determine the championship of the whole year. Whether it is Harley-Davidson Zanotti team or drivers Kenny Coolbeth and Steven Borsey, the American breakthrough (TOP1) lubricant is no small test, and their spirit of "born for competition" will bring more expectations to racing fans!

On December 15th, "WeChat Coral Safety" issued an announcement:

Recently, some media reported that the network used AI technology to impersonate celebrities for improper marketing. Combined with user reports, daily inspections and other clues, WeChat promptly cracked down on a number of illegal behaviors that used AI to impersonate celebrities for improper marketing and maliciously gain traffic, and carried out special governance for relevant situations.

Up to now, 532 items have been disposed of and 209 accounts have been closed. Typical cases are as follows:

In the next step, WeChat will continue to crack down on violations such as "using AI to impersonate celebrities for marketing and publicity", further improve the technical governance ability and level, and maintain a good ecology. At the same time, the platform also advocates that users consciously abide by laws, regulations and platform rules. In response to the behavior of "using AI synthesis technology to generate illegal content", the platform welcomes netizens to provide more clues to jointly build a clear and orderly network environment.

Dr. Zhang Wenhong responded to being brought by AI.

According to CCTV’s financial report, recently, some netizens reported to the media that the elderly at home saw Dr. Zhang Wenhong selling a protein product in the online sales video, and the old man believed it, not only placing an order but also forwarding it to many groups.

After verification, the video was not Dr. Zhang Wenhong himself, but was synthesized by AI technology. In this video, the synthesized portrait repeatedly introduces a product, and the voice sounds like Zhang Wenhong himself. A protein bar sales link in the product window shows that more than 1,200 pieces have been sold. At present, the account cannot be searched.

In response to this, Dr. Zhang Wenhong said in response to the media, "There is more than one such account for selling goods, and it has been changing. I have complained to the platform many times but it has been repeatedly banned. Many people who don’t know the truth, especially some older citizens who are not very familiar with AI, are easy to believe. I think there seems to be a lot of purchases in different places. I complained about the video synthesized by AI immediately after I found out about it, but his account kept changing, and I finally had no energy. These fake AI synthetic messages happen again and again like locusts, and they are as harmful as locusts flying all over the sky. In fact, judging from the results of platform complaints, I think it is difficult to solve the problem in the end. "

In addition to complaining to the platform, Zhang Wenhong said that he had also considered calling the police, but the other party could not see or touch it, which was as difficult to describe as a ghost. He could only hope that the relevant departments would strengthen supervision. "There must be an object to call the police, right? Who should call the police now? He changes his account every day, and it’s all virtual. Who should I call the police? Therefore, I think that he infringes on the interests of consumers, and I think the relevant departments should deal with it. " Zhang Wenhong said.

Many celebrities have encountered "AI marketing"

With the maturity of AI synthesis technology and its frequent application in short video production, the scams of AI synthesis posing as celebrities become more and more frequent.

It is reported that in November this year, a 65-year-old man from Jiangxi went to a bank to handle business, claiming to lend her boyfriend "Jin Dong" 2 million yuan for filming. According to the investigation, the "Jin Dong" in the old man’s mobile phone comes from the video synthesized by AI.

In October this year, Huang Baiming, a veteran Hong Kong star, solemnly declared through social media that someone had stolen his past films, replaced the voice with AI and endorsed an unknown ointment brand.

Lawyer Hu Xue said that this kind of behavior is an obvious violation of law and infringement, involving at least five laws, infringing on many rights, such as portrait, voice, right to know, etc. To protect rights, the victim can report to the online information department as well as the police.

The National Network Information Office has taken the shot.

In September this year, the National Network Information Office has issued the "Identification Method for Synthetic Content Generated by Artificial Intelligence (Draft for Comment)", which requires information management from the source of video production and release.

This method clearly puts forward two kinds of synthetic content logos generated by artificial intelligence, namely "explicit logo" and "implicit logo", and also clarifies the scene where the two kinds of logos should be applied, and establishes a direct correspondence between "significant logo" and "explicit logo" proposed in Article 17 of the Deep Composition Regulations. In addition, according to the carriers and forms of synthetic content generated by different artificial intelligence (such as text, audio, pictures, etc.), this method also lists and explains the deployment locations of various explicit signs and the information elements that should be included in implicit signs.

Ning Xuanfeng, King & Wood Law Firm, said that the introduction of this method marked an important step in the standardized management of artificial intelligence in China. With the implementation of adding explicit or implicit identification to the generated and synthesized content, the transparency of Internet information content will be significantly improved, and users can intuitively identify whether the content is generated by artificial intelligence on this basis, which will help users avoid the negative impact of false content.

It is understood that this method is still in the process of gradual improvement. With the official implementation of the "Identification Method of Synthetic Content Generated by Artificial Intelligence", it will bring a healthier, more transparent and responsible artificial intelligence application environment to the public.

Source: China news Agency (CNS1952) integrated from WeChat Coral Security, CCTV Finance, Look at News News, China Fund.

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