Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: The output of new energy vehicles may exceed 1.5 million this year.

  Yesterday, the State Council Information Office held a press conference. Huang Libin, spokesperson of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and director of the Operation Monitoring Coordination Bureau, and Wen Ku, spokesperson and director of the Information and Communication Development Department, introduced the development of the industrial communication industry in the first quarter of 2019. In the first quarter, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in China were 304,000 and 299,000 respectively, with the growth rate of production and sales reaching 102.7% and 109.7% respectively.

  Huang Libin revealed at the press conference of the State Council Office that it will speed up the construction of charging facilities for new energy vehicles, optimize the layout of public charging piles, and give more preferential measures for the use of new energy vehicles based on the study of special number plates. "According to the statistics of industry associations, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in China were 304,000 and 299,000 respectively in the first quarter, and the growth rate of production and sales reached 102.7% and 109.7% respectively." Huang Libin predicts that the output of new energy vehicles may exceed 1.5 million this year.

  In addition, Huang Libin introduced that by the end of March this year, government departments at all levels and large state-owned enterprises had paid off more than 260 billion yuan in accounts owed to private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises. Among them, the central enterprises completed 72% of the progress, local governments and large state-owned enterprises completed 32% of the progress, and one-third of the provinces made more than half of the progress.

  Text/reporter Dong Xin

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: Make full use of digital technology to empower the silver-haired economy, promote the "three-product strategy" of consumer goods industry, and enrich t

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On January 22nd, the State Council Press Office held a routine briefing on the policy of "Opinions on Developing Silver-haired Economy to Improve the Well-being of the Elderly". He Yaqiong, Director of the Consumer Goods Industry Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, attended the briefing, focusing on how to make full use of digital technology to empower the silver-haired economy and facilitate the lives of the elderly, and how to go further.Questions such as enriching the supply of articles and services for the elderly answered questions from reporters.

Constantly improve the digital empowerment means ?xa0;Breaking the "digital divide" for the elderly

  He Yaqiong said that digital technology has been deeply integrated into people’s production and life, but the elderly have low acceptance of digital products and services, inconvenient use and small fonts. In response to these pain points, as the competent department of the industry, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology continues to innovate, constantly improve the means of digital empowerment, break the "digital divide" of the elderly, and truly let the elderly have a real sense of gain, happiness and security in using digital technology.

One isCultivate and expand the smart and healthy pension industry.The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will focus on the Internet+medical health, smart nursing homes, smart communities and other scenarios, and continue to carry out pilot demonstration selection and dynamic management of smart health pension applications with relevant departments. Up to now, 199 demonstration enterprises, 293 demonstration streets, 80 demonstration bases and 3 demonstration parks have been established. For example, the street care service center can realize real-time analysis and timely warning of the living conditions and physical conditions of the elderly through smart wearable devices and smart home devices, and provide more effective and accurate door-to-door services, which is a great boon to the elderly who are alone at home. In addition, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has published three editions of the Catalogue for the Promotion of Smart, Healthy and Aged Care Products and Services to encourage enterprises to develop and promote products and services suitable for the elderly. For example, physical indicators monitors, remote service platforms for chronic diseases, etc., are all smart and healthy products and services urgently needed by the elderly.

The second is to solve the application problems of digital products and services for the elderly.The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued and implemented the "Work Plan for Promoting the Aging and High-quality Development of Digital Technology", organized special actions to complete the transformation of 2,577 websites and mobile apps commonly used by the elderly, and optimized and upgraded some unique functions such as "Elder Mode", voice search and the elderly area. The first batch of outstanding cases of aging transformation of 44 websites and mobile apps were identified, and a number of new functions and services such as artificial intelligence digital salespersons, 5G video customer service and intelligent news listening were promoted to be applied online. In addition, we will guide telecom enterprises to constantly improve their service methods, and launch warm-hearted services such as special seats for the elderly, door-to-door handling, and customized bills. The online "one-click incoming manual customer service" dedicated line for respecting the elderly has accumulated more than 300 million people. In addition, we have organized the formulation of aging standards for mobile terminals, smart TVs and other products, and promoted the aging transformation of more than 140 million domestic smart phones and smart TVs.

The third is to increase the publicity of digital help for the elderly.Give full play to the role of the Internet platform, make simple, clear, easy-to-understand and interesting intelligent technology teaching videos and public service publicity short films, and strengthen publicity through online "micro-classroom" and "live broadcast activities". Use important nodes such as World Telecommunication Day and Chung Yeung Festival to guide relevant enterprises to enter nursing homes and universities for the elderly, and go to the elderly, focus on displaying some aging-suitable transformation achievements, and carry out more than 200,000 intelligent activities for the elderly in various forms and rich contents, such as "I will teach you how to use your mobile phone", and provide exclusive warm-hearted services for the elderly "face to face" and "one to one", with more than 5 million service people. All kinds of service activities that the elderly love to see and hear truly "go to the online media on the wall, enter the home, enter the hospital and enter the community", so that the elderly can truly feel the temperature of digital achievements.

He Yaqiong said that in the next step, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will further guide production enterprises, telecommunications enterprises, Internet service providers, etc., and integrate more care for the elderly into products and services, so that the elderly can better enjoy the convenience brought by digital technology.

Improve the variety richness, quality satisfaction and brand recognition of elderly products.

With the gradual deepening of China’s aging population and the improvement of people’s living standards, the consumption demand of the elderly has become more multi-level and diversified. According to statistics, in 2023, the scale of China’s elderly products market reached 5 trillion yuan, and the types and quantities of products also had a certain scale.

In this regard, He Yaqiong said at the briefing that the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has guided the majority of production enterprises to thoroughly implement the "three-product strategy" of the consumer goods industry, and made great efforts to improve the variety richness, quality satisfaction and brand recognition of the elderly products, and strive to make the elderly buy with confidence, eat with peace of mind and use comfortably.

First, increase the supply of high-quality old-age products.First, two batches of promotion catalogues of products for the elderly have been published successively.It mainly focuses on 631 high-quality products such as clothing for the elderly, accompanying robots, intelligent monitors and multifunctional nursing beds. For example, aiming at the problem that it is inconvenient for the elderly to get up in bed, we have developed a multifunctional nursing bed, which can realize the function of turning around and getting up with one button, and the elderly can operate alone in bed, effectively improving the quality of life.Second, nine batches of guidelines for upgrading and innovating consumer goods have been compiled successively.We have increased the inclination of articles for the elderly and promoted a number of innovative products that are very suitable for the needs of the elderly. For example, innovative and upgraded home products such as smart toilets and automatic temperature control cookers.Third, encourage and support local governments to cultivate traditional superior food producing areas and specialty food industries.In particular, the supply of food for the elderly and special foods has been increased. Nutritional diets and health foods such as high calcium milk powder and vitamin and mineral tablets effectively meet the nutritional needs of the elderly.

Secondly, do everything possible to improve quality and excellent service. The first is to expand channels.Cultivate exhibitions and expositions of articles for the elderly, so that more elderly people can find high-quality articles for the elderly, carry out consumption activities of filial piety and love for the elderly, and launch hundreds of millions of articles for the elderly covering different scenes and different consumption needs every year. For example, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Civil Affairs jointly launched the fourth "Filial Piety and Love for the Elderly Shopping Festival" to guide the e-commerce platform to seize the "Double Ninth Festival", a traditional festival to respect the elderly, and actively provide a variety of high-quality goods such as clothing, household products and food for the elderly to benefit the elderly. According to statistics, in 2023, the sales of home-aged products tripled year-on-year.The second is to strengthen standard guidance.Establish and improve the standard system of articles for the elderly. Priority has been given to the release of a number of national and industrial standards such as General Technical Requirements for Household Appliances Suitable for the Elderly, General Technical Requirements for Furniture in Apartment for the Elderly and Shoes for the Elderly in the fields of household appliances, furniture and shoemaking, which put forward requirements for enterprises in terms of product quality specifications.The third is to adhere to people-oriented in work.Pay attention to the temperature and love of service, and guide enterprises to provide high-quality and applicable services for different scenarios and high-quality needs of the elderly. Through joint efforts, the development of the silver-haired economy will certainly reach a new level.

Metaphor of Plague | daisy miller: Died of Rome Fever and Identity Anxiety.

[Introduction]

In 1978, susan sontag, who suffered from cancer, finished Metaphor of Disease. The skin-cutting experience and daily experience of the disease gave her an observation angle to examine and analyze the disease discourse in the literary tradition. Fifty years later, an infectious disease came unexpectedly in China, and the long and painful tug-of-war seemed to be an immersive tragicomedy being staged. Everyone had to be involved in it, and had to face up to complex social problems and taste the subtle life situation. This gives us an eagerness to re-examine the expression of plague in various literary works at different stages, and the personal experience from real life will also bring a different perspective to literary interpretation.

Daisy miller, Henry James/Happy, Zou Hailun/Translated, Zhejiang Literature and Art Publishing House, September 2011.

Daisy miller is perhaps the most popular and popular work of American writer Henry James. It was written in 1878, serialized in magazines at first, and published as a book in 1879.

Henry James was born in new york in 1843. Before he wrote daisy miller, he had repeatedly crossed the Atlantic and traveled in Europe for many years. Since childhood, Henry James has traveled in Europe with his parents, and stayed in hotels all over Europe in Switzerland, France and Italy. As described in daisy miller, "Except hotels, they are hotels". James’s father, eager for Europe, not only explored and appreciated Europe’s long-standing culture, but also out of a cultural impulse of the United States in the 19th century. As an educated American, it seems necessary to go to Europe and the old world to find American spiritual ancestors. What Americans really look like and what they should look like, it needs a different culture to be distinguished. It can be said that for upper-class Americans, Europe is a touchstone of identity, whether their identity is noble, whether their tastes are elegant, whether their behavior is decent, and whether their morality is pure. European standards are the yardstick for Americans to define themselves.

In the 1970s when daisy miller was written, with the end of the American Civil War and the great development of industry, railroad tycoon, mining tycoons, speculators and adventurers were born overnight. Although the affluent class in the United States still yearns for Europe tirelessly, the purpose of going to Europe has quietly changed. The trip to Europe is no longer just a spiritual journey to pursue noble culture, but more a way of enjoyment. More generally speaking, European travel has changed from a unique fashion of the upper class to a fashionable way of spending money by the new rich. For a time, American beauties wore eye-catching luxury clothes, lived in expensive high-end hotels, and entered the European upper-class social circle with amazing wealth and self-confidence. The upstarts not only hit Europeans, bringing them dramatic surprises and surprises, but also hit American groups living in Europe.

This is the background of the birth of daisy miller. As a representative of American upstarts, daisy miller, a beautiful girl, met all kinds of Americans when traveling in Europe. Her simplicity, openness and naturalness have been severely accused by American compatriots, and Winterbourne, the hero, is puzzled between Daisy’s simplicity and debauchery. Finally, daisy miller died dramatically of Roman fever, an infectious disease thought to be related to miasma in ancient Rome. (In fact, it may be Malaria spread by mosquito bites. In English, malaria malaria comes from the medieval Italian word "mala aria", which means miasma, and is named because malaria occurs mostly in swamps. )

Researchers usually regard daisy miller as one of Henry James’ representative works during his "international theme" creation period. The works of this period often focus on the acclimatization of Americans when facing the impact of European culture, and the simplicity and openness of American style are vulnerable to the complexity and sophistication of Europe. Obviously, daisy miller is a microcosm of the pure and open America, but in the novel, her opponents are not sophisticated Europeans, but Americans who have lived in Europe for a long time. Europe’s long history, complexity and gloom are conveyed by these Americans who already know the way of Europe. In addition to the wrestling between Europe and the United States, there is also an internal contest in the American circle. As mentioned above, the upstarts come to Europe to stir not only the air in Europe, but also the restless nerves and identity anxiety of the upper-class Americans living in Europe.

Henry James

Warwick: the Back Garden of the Puritans

The beginning of the novel is very distinctive. The story is told by an omniscient narrator who takes readers to the resort town of Wowei near Geneva, two or three years after the unfortunate events in daisy miller. After describing the lakes, mountains and tourist sights of the town, the author fine-tuned the time axis forward and introduced the hero of the novel, Winterborn, an American boy who was deeply educated in European culture. After that, the story is narrated through the omniscient third person, and Winterborn’s subjective perspective is introduced as a filter.

Winterborn met daisy miller, a beautifully dressed American lady, in the garden and recommended herself as a tour guide for Miss Miller. Winterborn felt that the behavior of traveling with single women was not in line with European tradition, but this little deviance made him excited. However, Winterborn found that the young lady was "not embarrassed at all" and "not angry or upset", as if it was normal to associate with men. The attitude of the Millers also puzzled Winterborn, and Daisy’s mother was completely free from the nervousness of her guardian. Although Winterborn is fascinated by Miss Miller’s nature and beauty, she can’t help wondering whether Miss Miller is an honest lady or a rude girl. Is her frankness a national trait or a personal upbringing?

After daisy miller and Winterborn traveled alone for 30 years, E·M· Forster described the proper way for "educated" European men and women to get along in the novel Room with a View published in 1908. When George’s father warmly invited Miss Lucy to change a room with a view, Miss bartlett, Lucy’s companion, became so angry that she couldn’t believe that a man would make such an unreasonable conversation. Perhaps in 1908, Miss bartlett’s anger was somewhat outdated, but in Europe 30 years ago, I’m afraid American girls did their own thing.

Henry James’s novel style is often awkward, ambiguous and full of implications and hints. Although daisy miller is unusually vivid and lively, it does not prevent Henry James from burying subtle clues in the novel. It is no accident that the novel begins in the small town of Warwick near Geneva. Geneva, as the center of Calvinism, represents a rigorous and conservative European atmosphere, and also represents the self-admonition of Americans who carefully seek identity in Europe. In order to get rid of the reckless, vulgar, lack of integrity of the American impression, upper-class Americans do not hesitate to strengthen their Puritan rigor and defend the tradition more fiercely to prove themselves.

But Warwick is different. The beauty and laziness of this resort town, the surprisingly blue lake and the mild moonlight all soften the Puritans’ serious temperament, so that young Americans like Winterborn can temporarily escape from the suffocating air, tentatively break the rules and take social risks. For the Millers who lack social experience, Wowei’s lakes and mountains distract their attention. At this time, they have not yet noticed the hidden contradictions in the circle of Europeans and Americans.

Rome: Ambiguous and Complicated Space

Winterborn’s strict aunt, Mrs. Kostrov, hinted to him that although the Millers looked elegant and rich, their position in the social hierarchy was not too high. This is daisy miller’s first evaluation in the circle of European and American people.

In January, Winterborn came to Italy as promised, and the location of the story changed from a simple holiday town to a broader, complex and ambiguous space: Rome. Different from rigorous Geneva, Europe represented by Rome is divided into two dimensions. On the one hand, ancient art and tradition are admirable, on the other hand, it is chaotic and full of unknown risks. In this field, several kinds of Europeans and Americans, represented by Daisy, Winterborn and Mrs. Walker, began to collide.

The first new figure to appear is Mrs. Walker, who has lived in Geneva for many years and is spending the winter in Rome. This is also a hint, another American who disciplined himself under the European tradition. Mrs. Walker can be regarded as a supplement to the strict and conservative Aunt Costello, because the arrogant Aunt Costello has sternly refused to meet Miss Miller, and the appearance of the slightly gentle Mrs. Walker aims to make readers feel the confrontation between the old and the new nobles.

In the social arena, Miss Miller’s wildness and her own way are a whirlwind. Not only does she not abide by the code of conduct of upper-class women, but this time she introduces a more dangerous factor-foreign men with suspicious identities-than traveling alone with upper-class American men in Warwick. "I casually made friends with half a dozen Roman men who specialize in chasing rich women and took them everywhere." If the Millers’ rural nouveau riche background triggered a subtle but unobtrusive rejection from the upper class, Daisy’s association with the lower class was an intolerable and dangerous act, like introducing a virus into the stable and closed upper class, which made people fidgety.

The dramatic scene took place outside Mrs. Walker’s apartment. Daisy is going to the nearby Pinzio Park for a walk with her "suspicious" Italian friend Chovan Neni. At this time, the threat of Roman fever first appeared in the novel. First, Mrs. Walker tried her best to persuade her, because it was easy to catch fever during the rush hour. Daisy miller didn’t listen to advice, and then Mrs Walker hurried out with the carriage, trying to finally save the wild girl. "Tell her to get on the bus and walk around here with her for half an hour, so people will find that she is not too wild, and then send her back to the hotel."

This is not so much a threat of infectious diseases as an identity anxiety of strangers. What makes Mrs Walker nervous is the chain reaction caused by daisy miller’s lack of education. Her carelessness will make Americans look suspicious and vulgar in front of European traditions, and will make Americans living in Europe encounter a collective identity crisis. Daisy seems to be a suspected infected person. She rashly broke through the boundaries of class and came into contact with the rude virus of the lower class. If she is not isolated and exiled in time, she will endanger the health of the whole upper-class American.

Stills of the movie of the same name (1974) adapted from the novel.

Colosseum: the punishment of plague

In a sense, Winterborn’s hesitation, confusion and delay in daisy miller constitute the tension and structural advancement of the whole novel. In the face of the slander thrown at Daisy, he sometimes dismissed it, thinking that Daisy was sincere and simple, and sometimes it was difficult to convince himself that Daisy’s repeated behavior of breaking through class boundaries was a proper lady’s behavior.

Winterborn’s feelings for Daisy are divided along two tendencies: one is to try to find proof of Daisy’s innocence, so that when he claims to be in love with her, he won’t make a "fatal mistake" on class issues; The second is an impulse to belittle Daisy’s class, so that he can return to the stable and unified values of American upper-class compatriots without any worries.

At the hesitant stall in Winterborn, American immigrants gradually gave up daisy miller. Winterborn "never saw her again in those acquaintances’ homes", "They no longer invited her as a guest, but also said that they would solemnly announce to keen Europeans that although Miss daisy miller is an American girl, her behavior is not representative, and even her compatriots think that her behavior is very abnormal". Daisy miller, suspected of being infected with the dangerous virus of the lower class, was gradually isolated from the American social circle.

But daisy miller seems unconcerned and still goes his own way. Finally, when Winterborn saw daisy miller and Chovan Nene enjoying the night scene in the Colosseum in the middle of the night, he made up his mind to define daisy miller as a frivolous woman, and no longer had any respect for her. At this time, the miasma of disease in ancient Rome revived again, turning into a moral admonition and punishment, engulfing women who did not obey social rules and protect themselves, and making careless girls die in infectious diseases. This social rule not only includes the correct way of communication between men and women, but also includes whether women choose the right communication object. It should be noted that just six months ago, in the small town of Warwick, Winterborn also politely invited daisy miller to go boating for a night outing. However, under the double guarantee of Puritans and upper-class status, such a night outing was obviously not in danger of getting sick.

More than 50 years later, Roman fever in the Colosseum in ancient Rome has a more gloomy meaning in Edith Wharton’s works. A woman set a trap to compete for her husband. She used an impostor love letter to let her rival go to the Colosseum for a tryst, with the intention of exposing her rival to Roman fever in dangerous air and dying. Like the daisy miller incident, the miasma in the Colosseum never spared any women with moral defects. But unlike Miss Miller, who was bent on her own way, this reckless woman learned from a bitter experience after being infected with fever, abandoned the past dust, seized the opportunity of her last marriage and returned to the upper class again. She was seriously ill, but she survived.

Judging from our compatriots in daisy miller, daisy miller may have died of recklessness, misconduct and moral defects, but we can also say that daisy miller died of the curse and murder of our compatriots in the United States who were eager to get rid of it.

Looking at consumption before the holiday | Ningbo, Zhejiang: the aquatic product market is fully supplied, and the price of seafood has increased.

CCTV News:At the dinner table during the Spring Festival, seafood is the favorite of Zhejiang people. The wholesale market of aquatic products in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province ushered in a wave of small sales peaks, and the price of seafood rose.

At 9: 30 am, the reporter came to Ningbo Aquatic Products Wholesale Market. In front of a booth, Ms. Xu, a citizen, is choosing seafood such as cuttlefish, yellow croaker and pomfret, ready to stock up on new year’s goods.

In addition to preparing new year’s goods, some citizens bought seafood and packaged it directly, and sent it to all parts of the country by express delivery as a good gift. The reporter learned that the wholesale price of hairtail in Ningbo aquatic products wholesale market is 240 yuan per kilogram, 60 yuan per kilogram for common hairtail, 120 yuan per kilogram for pomfret and 80 to 180 yuan per kilogram for small yellow croaker.

Industry insiders predict that with the approach of the Spring Festival holiday, the price of aquatic products in the market will continue to rise. In terms of sales volume, the daily turnover of Ningbo aquatic products wholesale market is about 900 tons recently, and the best sellers are hairtail and pomfret.

Large-scale vaccination of vaccines in COVID-19 is progressing in an orderly manner throughout the country.

  CCTV News: The National Health and Wellness Commission reported yesterday (May 10th) that as of May 9th, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps had reported 324.307 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine.

  Look at the vaccination situation in Beijing. As of 9: 00 yesterday, Beijing had received 26,618,200 doses of COVID-19 vaccine and 14,935,400 people, of whom 11,682,800 people had completed two doses of vaccine, and the vaccination rate of people aged 18 and over reached 76.71%.

  Among them, 1,841,200 people aged 60 and above were vaccinated, the first dose vaccination rate was 49.59%, and 2,767 people aged 90 and above were vaccinated. The largest vaccinator was over 100 years old. The vaccination rate of medical and health care, housing construction, urban management, postal express, tourist attractions, star-rated hotels, commercial services and other systems (industries) in the city exceeds 90%.

  Large-scale vaccination of vaccines in COVID-19 is progressing in an orderly manner throughout the country. Recently, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Dalian, Liaoning, Dazhou, Sichuan and other places have sent vaccination services to the gates of enterprises in their jurisdictions to help enterprises produce epidemic prevention.

  In an enterprise headquarters park in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, a multifunctional performance hall with a capacity of 2,200 people became a temporary vaccination site. Pingshan District People’s Hospital optimized the inoculation process, sorted out the site divisions, and minimized the waiting time of employees in line. It is understood that at present, Pingshan People’s Hospital has set up temporary vaccination sites in more than 30 industrial parks within its jurisdiction. In the next step, the hospital will continue to dock with other enterprises and schools, and formulate organizational vaccination plans in light of each other’s needs.

  As a national independent innovation demonstration zone and a national digital service export base, Dalian High-tech Zone in Liaoning has a foreign population of more than 1,000. On May 10th, the first batch of 200 foreigners were vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine free of charge in the High-tech Zone.

  Since May 8th, Dachuan District People’s Hospital has carried out COVID-19 vaccination for large-scale population, and by the morning of May 10th, 10,000 people had been vaccinated. In addition, Dazhou has also established temporary vaccination sites in colleges and universities to further enhance the vaccination capacity.

JD.COM released seven major consumption trends in 2021.

[Global Network Technology Comprehensive Report] "What we are about to see in this JD.COM 618 is that the omni-channel from online to offline and the whole link from consumption to industry share quality consumption; From the city to the countryside and from the back wave to the silver hair, the whole scene from home to the store shares a good life, so that love is not limited to consumption. " Kai Chen, vice president of JD.COM Group, said at the launch and trend conference of 2021 JD.COM 618 held on May 20th that he also released seven major consumption trends of JD.COM 618 in 2021.

According to him, in the future, JD.COM will cooperate with various partners such as brand merchants, industrial belt factories, rural farmers, physical stores, etc., and it is expected that 20 million people in the whole industrial chain will participate in the preparations for the "618", helping nearly 200 industrial belts to develop sales channels and realize digital upgrading.

Trend 1: consumption backflow: the rise of national tide, buying the world freely

This JD.COM 618, an escalating and expanding domestic market, is attracting more consumption abroad back to China.

On the one hand, driven by cultural self-confidence and the upgrading of manufacturing in China, consumers have gone from pursuing foreign brands to setting off the fashion of "national tide aesthetics", and a large number of brands of China time-honored brands and new domestic products have risen rapidly. According to JD.COM Big Data, compared with the year-on-year growth of international brands, in 2020, the turnover of China brands increased by 6%, the number of brands increased by 5%, and the number of users increased by 18%. Among the top ten hot spots of consumer brand search, "national products" occupy 7 seats, among which brands such as Huawei, Xiaomi, Maotai, OPPO, vivo, Glory, Gree, Li Ning and Wuliangye are the most concerned.

Behind the accumulation of domestic brands, the help of e-commerce platform is indispensable. For example, in the next three years, JD.COM Seconds will focus on incubating 100 domestic brands, and at the same time, it will support over 30 industrial belts in the next year to build brands of origin, achieving an annual growth rate of over 100%.

On the other hand, under the new development pattern, JD.COM International has unblocked the circulation barriers between domestic and foreign markets through an efficient international supply chain system, helping more and more high-quality imported goods to enter China and meet consumers’ more diversified and higher-quality consumption needs.

Quality is still the core demand of import consumption. According to big data, on the international platform of JD.COM, beauty and skin care, medical care, mother and baby are the most concerned categories, accounting for nearly 70% of the consumption. At the same time, the category structure of imported consumption is more perfect and rich, and pet life, computer office and other categories are growing rapidly.

Trend 2: omni-channel: full bloom, accelerate the destruction of the circle

This JD.COM 618, the "omni-channel" connecting the whole scene online and offline, is accelerating to blossom in the direction of all regions, all customers and all categories.

"Omni-channel" integrates a wider range of online and offline channels, resources and capabilities, and accelerates the expansion to all regions. At present, JD.COM, a subsidiary of Dada Group, has linked more than 100,000 offline stores, covering about 1,400 counties and cities across the country, and the convenient consumption experience of one hour is favored by more and more consumers. In the recent promotion for the 415th anniversary of JD.COM’s arrival, the sales of the platform reached 2.3 times of the same period of last year. In the low-tier cities where the platform has been online for one year, more than 90% of the sales during the promotion period more than doubled compared with last year.

At present, the omni-channel has changed from the core group of married working mothers born in 1980s to more middle-aged and elderly, male and sinking users, and the user structure has become more diversified and expanded to the whole customer base.

Omni-channel is expanding from the core categories of FMCG such as food and beverage, fresh food, household cleaning and personal care to all categories. At present, mobile phones are the fastest-growing category in JD.COM’s home-to-home platform sales, and the number of online mobile phone stores has exceeded 6,000. During the promotion period on April 15th this year, brands such as Apple, vivo, Xiaomi, OPPO and Yijia all increased by more than 7 times year-on-year. In the field of beauty, JD.COM has launched more than 3,400 beauty offline stores at home; In the field of clothing, it has covered over 700 short-term stores.

This year, JD.COM 618 will link more than 3 million offline stores, including not only seven fresh supermarkets, Jingdong House, JD.COM convenience store, JD.COM Super Experience Store, Beijing-Tokyo Auto Club and other offline formats in JD.COM, but also various offline small and medium-sized businesses such as pharmacies, convenience stores, flower shops and auto repair shops nationwide.

Trend 3: new category: precise innovation, satisfying individuality.

In this JD.COM 618, young people have gradually become a new force in the consumer market, and innovation to meet individual needs is more active and accurate.

Midea’s low-sugar and high-fiber "light-eating" rice cookers, Cobos sweeping robots that can automatically collect "moon-throwing" garbage, and GoPro sports cameras that can easily shoot large films outdoors … The new circles and preferences of young consumers bring opportunities to new categories in market segments. With the in-depth insight into consumer demand and the help of the whole life cycle in JD.COM, brands prefer C2M mode. These new products are "explosive when they debut" and new products and categories are accelerating "circle breaking".

Jingmeng, a new brand owned by JD.COM, which focuses on pet categories, also quietly went online in 618. The design perspective follows the physiological habits of pets, and continuously pays attention to the two-way emotional needs of people and pets, making pets easier and happier. Jingmeng intelligent fresh air pet bag not only creates a "mobile RV" for pets to travel safely, but also is the owner’s fashion accompanying bag. A canned pet snack not only contains tuna caught in the deep sea, but also specially adds fish roe, which improves the nutrition and palatability of pet food.

This year, JD.COM 618 will help at least 1,000 new categories to grow by over 100% year-on-year, and 100 new categories will sell over 100 million yuan, so that new products can stand in the "C position".

Trend 4: rural revitalization: consumption improves quality and industry promotes agriculture.

This JD.COM 618, JD.COM and its ecological partners will continue to build a closed loop of "helping farmers to increase their income and promote rural consumption", and promote a virtuous circle of "improving their consumption capacity and enhancing their willingness to consume". Through the "Plan of Prospering the Rich and Promoting the Growth of Rural Trillion Output Value", rural revitalization will be promoted in an all-round way in three years.

Broadening the sales channels of agricultural products is the key to rural revitalization. JD.COM is taking various measures to help more agricultural special products and services integrate into the national market. JD.COM Dashangchao will build a large and medium-sized platform for the circulation of agricultural products, which will help more than 30+ agricultural industrial belts to upgrade their industrial systems in 2021, form a demonstration zone of agricultural industrial belts, and build benchmark products. Jingxi introduced policies such as direct production of agricultural products and direct mining of farmers, and comprehensively promoted the origin of agricultural products to create a new digital industrial belt. Jingdong Logistics focuses on more than 530 agricultural specialty sites across the country, so that high-quality agricultural products in rural areas can be sold and shipped. Based on the intelligent agricultural operating system of Jingdong Smart City, AI and big data are used to help local governments solve the problems of "what is there, what to plant, how to plant, what to sell, how to sell and sell well".

At the same time, Jingdong Logistics has continuously improved the accessibility and service timeliness of the sinking network, so that consumers in township areas can also enjoy the same quality goods and services as people in the city. In counties, towns and villages that have been upgraded to 24 hours, the growth rate of consumption volume is significantly higher than the national average growth rate.

Trend 5: Responsible consumption: green intelligence, sustainable development

This JD.COM 618, in addition to providing goods, more retailers and brands hope to pass on the concepts of sustainable development and social responsibility to consumers and promote the high-quality development of the entire consumer market.

JD.COM practices the concept of "responsible consumption" by building a lower carbon and cleaner supply chain system. On the occasion of the release of the first ESG report, JD.COM Group also issued a carbon reduction declaration, actively responding to the national strategy, and committed itself to becoming a leading enterprise in carbon reduction. At the end of 2019, Jingdong Logistics took the lead in announcing its participation in the "Scientific Carbon Target" initiative, becoming the first logistics enterprise in China to commit to setting scientific carbon targets; In November 2020, the carbon reduction target for 2030 was set: compared with 2019, the total carbon emissions will be reduced by 50% by 2030. Up to now, driven by the "Qingliu Plan" of Jingdong Logistics, recycling packages such as ambient temperature qingliu box and recycling fresh incubator have been used for 110 million times, saving about 2 billion express cartons, with more than 200,000 merchants and hundreds of millions of consumers participating. At the same time, JD.COM’s "Idle Materials Donation Program" has recycled 10 million cartons in more than 100 cities, reducing carbon emissions by 17,500 tons.

At the same time, as a pioneer of environmental protection, jingdong cloud has obtained many invention patents in the fields of energy saving and energy recovery in data centers. Jingdong Smart City has helped Nantong City, Jiangsu Province to build the country’s first modernization center for urban governance, which not only solves urban governance problems, but also helps the city to be green and environmentally friendly, save energy and reduce emissions.

Trend 6: Goods+Services: Trust dominates life without worry.

In this JD.COM 618, it has become the consensus of the industry to create an integrated consumption scene of goods and services. Service consumption has become a new kinetic energy for economic growth and structural upgrading, and new service consumption patterns are constantly emerging.

At present, the life service in JD.COM has covered six major businesses: automobile, real estate, cultural tourism, auction, flower gardening and local life, providing consumers with an integrated consumption scene of goods and services. Even buying a house, buying a car and repairing a car, which used to take a "broken leg" to complete, can now place an order online, and then complete the service at the nearest good house, Jingxuan Store and Beijing-Tokyo Car Club. In the field of home furnishing, JD.COM has also launched a brand-new model of "integration of dry support and clothing", realizing "buy in JD.COM, send in JD.COM and install in JD.COM".

This year, JD.COM 618 launched 44 new services and upgraded 38 services to create the ultimate consumer experience. Among them, JD.COM’s "assured purchase" service was upgraded again in JD.COM 618 this year, and the marked goods in the whole period of 618 were given free on-site to get back.

Trend 7: supply chain and technology: digital intelligence, full link and socialization

As a hub linking consumption and supply, JD.COM 618′ s supply chain is accelerating to upgrade in the direction of "intelligence", "full link" and "socialization", continuously optimizing the cost, efficiency and experience from the consumption end to the supply end, and making JD.COM 618 an important node of industrial upgrading.

The "digital intelligent" supply chain understands consumers better, and JD.COM JC2M intelligent manufacturing platform "Zhi" has made a series of explosive products.

Taking Linde forklift truck as an example, the company and JD.COM industrial products have created a "full-link" integrated intelligent collaborative procurement, supply and service solution. By establishing a digital connection channel with corporate customers, the company can efficiently collect customer customization needs, quickly carry out customized production and match the corresponding after-sales service.

The supply chain is becoming more open and socialized. By the end of 2020, there will be more than 1,400 cloud warehouses managed by Jingdong Logistics, and jingdong cloud Warehouse has become an important component of Jingdong Logistics’ open collaborative ecology. In April this year, Jingdong Logistics and Tencent Smart Retail launched Jingteng Yuncang, creating an innovative model from traffic to product selection to performance, further opening up the integrated supply chain capability to the society and serving ecological partners.

Is it necessary to vaccinate the elderly over 80 years old? National CDC responded

  CCTV News:On the afternoon of December 8th, the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council held a press conference with the theme of "further optimizing the implementation of epidemic prevention and control measures". Responsible comrades of the National Health and Wellness Commission and relevant departments of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention and relevant experts attended the conference and answered questions from the media.

  At the press conference, a reporter asked, many elderly people over the age of 80 are inconvenient to move, suffer from a variety of chronic diseases, and generally rarely go to public places. Why do they need vaccination? What facilities are provided for the disabled and semi-disabled elderly in the service?

  Xia Gang, director of the Department of Health and Immunity of the National Bureau for Disease Control and Prevention, said that the current epidemic situation is still severe and complicated, and vaccination still has good effects in preventing serious illness and death. Vulnerable groups such as the elderly can easily develop into severe illness, critical illness or even death after being infected with Covid-19, and vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine will benefit the most.

  Xia Gang said that a considerable number of disabled and semi-disabled elderly people in China live at home for a long time and rarely go out. However, infection may still lead to illness or even serious illness and death during the company or visit of relatives, so it is still necessary to vaccinate. At the same time, considering the mobility of these elderly people, in order to make them more convenient for vaccination, we have continued some previous good practices, including using mobile vaccination vehicles, driving special vaccination sessions for the elderly, opening green channels for vaccination for the elderly, etc. At the same time, it is proposed that all localities can send medical personnel with rich experience in diagnosis and vaccination to form vaccination teams, and provide home vaccination services for disabled and semi-disabled elderly people with common equipment and medicines needed during post-vaccination observation, so that these elderly people can complete vaccination without leaving home.

Intellectual property services support innovation and development. On June 14th, 2012, the first national pilot zone for gathering and developing intellectual property services settled in Suzhou High-

    In 2012, China National Intellectual Property Administration introduced a series of policies and measures to actively guide and support the development of intellectual property services. Together with 10 departments in the State Council, we formulated Opinions on Strengthening Intellectual Property Work in Strategic Emerging Industries, and jointly issued Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Cultivation and Development of Intellectual Property Service Industry and Statistical System of Intellectual Property Service Industry with 9 departments in the State Council. We have successively carried out statistical investigations on intellectual property service industry, strengthened supervision and punishment on the integrity work of patent agencies, and provided more high-level talents for the development of the industry by reforming the national patent agent qualification examination rules, which laid the foundation for the further development of intellectual property service industry.

In 2019, more health "prescriptions" benefited the people.

  Few things touch people’s hearts as much as health. Health care is the key to people’s livelihood.

  More new drugs are on the market, "noble drugs" are included in the medical insurance drug list, the "healthy China" action plan is deepened, and the chaos of medical beauty is rectified with heavy blows … … In 2019, these medical and health events related to people’s livelihood attracted special attention. At the end of the year, people hope to further "improve quality" and "reduce prices", and expect relevant departments to prescribe more health "prescriptions" to continuously improve people’s sense of acquisition and happiness.

  one

  Responding to the challenge of drug resistance, Tu Youyou team clarified the mechanism of artemisinin drugs

  Artemisinin is a gift from traditional Chinese medicine to the world, which has contributed to the global malaria control. However, in recent years, the underlying mechanism of artemisinin in the treatment of malaria is still unclear, especially the problem of drug resistance, which is also the biggest challenge facing the global malaria control.

  The half-life of artemisinin in human body (the time required for drug concentration to drop by half) is very short, only 1-2 hours. The course of clinical recommended artemisinin combination therapy is 3 days, and the truly efficient insecticidal window of artemisinin is only limited to 4-8 hours. However, the existing drug-resistant insect strains make full use of the short half-life of artemisinin, change their life cycle or temporarily enter a dormant state to avoid the sensitive insecticidal period. At the same time, plasmodium can also produce obvious resistance to the auxiliary drug "antimalarial formula" in artemisinin combination therapy, which makes artemisinin combination therapy "ineffective".

  On April 24th, Tu Youyou’s team published an article online in the top international medical journal "New England Journal of Medicine", saying that the recently clarified mechanism of artemisinin drugs shows that they are precursors activated by iron or heme. Iron and heme are by-products of hemoglobin digestion, reaching the highest concentration at the mature stage of plasmodium trophozoite. Once artemisinin drugs are activated, many protein and heme of parasites will be alkylated. Alkylation of heme can also inhibit the detoxification of heme. "It is speculated that the mutation of a single protein target is unlikely to cause drug resistance, which may also explain why artemisinin drugs are still effective after decades of widespread use." Wang Jigang, a member of Tu Youyou’s team and a researcher at Artemisinin Research Center of Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said.

  In this regard, the team proposed a new treatment response plan: First, appropriately extend the medication time; The second is to replace the adjuvant drugs that have developed resistance in artemisinin combination therapy.

  2

  Can the "white list" of medical beauty be cured?

  Non-medical beauty places are engaged in medical beauty treatment, the practice of doctors with informal training, and the use of unqualified medical beauty products … … In recent years, the "three non-"chaos exposed by the media has repeatedly been criticized by the society.

  On June 18th, the National Health and Wellness Committee indicated that China Plastic Surgery Association was studying and formulating a credit evaluation management system, and it was planned to conduct credit evaluation of beauty medical institutions in some areas on a pilot basis. "The data of hardware conditions and facilities, annual inspection and doctor qualification of medical beauty institutions will be connected with the existing credit system, and a medical beauty institution &lsquo will be established in the future; White list ’ , objectively present to the people ‘ White list ’ The situation of the organization. " Cao Dequan, deputy secretary-general of China Plastic Surgery Association and director of the evaluation office, said that at that time, the public can search for information on the special website.

  Hu Jieren, an associate professor at Tongji University Law School, said that the system itself is highly scientific and operable. It can learn from the existing credit evaluation model, listen to social voices, list the characteristics of dishonesty, and ensure fair and strict punishment. At the same time, in addition to credit evaluation and other mechanisms, the governance of medical beauty chaos requires multi-dimensional efforts and the participation of the whole society. For example, the regulatory authorities should take the initiative and increase penalties.

  three

  The Healthy China Action Plan is issued. Everyone is the first person responsible for his own health.

  In July, the "Healthy China Action Promotion Committee" established in the State Council released "Healthy China Action (2019— 2030), giving authoritative guidance on what to do, how to do it and who will take the lead in healthy China.

  "Everyone is the first responsible person for his own health." Wang Xiaoning, director of the Institute of Geriatrics of the General Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army and secretary-general of the China Association for Science and Technology’s life science association, particularly agreed with this point in the document. He explained that WHO has already concluded that in the promotion and maintenance of national health, the contribution of medical care is less than 10%, which mainly depends on people’s lifestyle and living environment. Wang Xiaoning said: "It turned out that ‘ Grip ’ The focus is on the 10% part, and now it is necessary to put ‘ Grip ’ Put it in 90%, that is, people’s lifestyle and living environment. "

  Experts say that it is not enough for doctors and health departments to embrace health. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the first cause of death among Chinese residents, "Healthy China Action (2019— In 2030), it is mentioned that the goal of healthy China will reduce the premature mortality rate of major chronic diseases from 18.5% in 2015 to no more than 15.9% in 2022. Yang Jingang, an associate professor at Fuwai Hospital of China Academy of Medical Sciences, believes that the goal can only be achieved by mobilizing social forces, and the organizational model of "Patriotic Health Campaign" can be used for reference. Only by linking disease prevention and control indicators with the performance and responsibility of district leaders can we coordinate all resources and really play a role.

  four

  Major projects support the initial establishment of a drug innovation technology system in China.

  In view of the difficulties and expensive medical treatment for ordinary people, and the heavy dependence on imports of high-end medical equipment and drugs, as early as 2008, China deployed and implemented the major scientific and technological project of "major new drug creation" (hereinafter referred to as the new drug creation project).

  "With the special support of new drug creation, a total of 14 Class 1 new drugs were approved after February 2017, showing a blowout growth." At the end of July, at the conference of "Creation of Major New Drugs", Chen Kaixian, deputy chief engineer of special technology and academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences, introduced that in the past two years, new progress has been made in the research and development of special varieties, and six Class I new drugs have been approved for the treatment of malignant tumors. In addition, the achievements of the special project of new drug creation include the first domestic and the second long-acting anti-AIDS drug, the new anti-infective drug, Clindamycin, which is independently developed, and the world’s first aromatic hydrocarbon receptor modulator and non-hormonal small molecule chemical drug, Benvimod & HELIP, which has therapeutic effect on psoriasis. …

  The national drug innovation technology system has been initially established in the special project of new drug creation, and a series of technical platforms have been laid out; Initially, a grid-based innovation system with scientific research institutes and universities as the main source innovation, enterprises as the main technology innovation, the close integration of the upper, middle and lower reaches and the deep integration of politics and Industry-University-Research has been established, and the ability of independent innovation has been significantly improved.

  five

  The paper has sparked a heated discussion on whether "Aristolochic acid-induced liver cancer" is a real hammer or a misunderstanding.

  In August, aristolochic acid once again became the focus. Han Zeguang, a professor at systems biomedicine Research Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, published a paper in the international journal Hepatology in the field of liver diseases, which was emphasized by many media as "aristolochic acid has caused liver cancer to have a real hammer". This study revealed that aristolochic acid alone can cause liver cancer in mice in a dose-dependent manner, that is, the greater the dose of aristolochic acid, the shorter the time to cause liver cancer and the larger the tumor. When aristolochic acid is combined with carbon tetrachloride, it can induce liver cancer in mice in a dose-dependent manner, including hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

  However, Luan Yang, a researcher at Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and others believe that the data obtained by Han Zeguang’s team under certain experimental conditions are not enough to draw the conclusion that aristolochic acid causes liver cancer, and it cannot be called a "real hammer". "Specific experimental conditions" means that the experimental object is young mice and carbon tetrachloride liver injury model.

  Some experts also said that some media interpreted the latest experiment of Han Zeguang’s team as "solid hammer" evidence that aristolochic acid is the main cause of liver cancer in China, but it should be noted that the original literature is in young mice (equivalent to 1-mdash; 2-year-old baby) and carbon tetrachloride liver injury model, which is different from the clinical occurrence of liver cancer, and many independent studies have been published in the world for many years, but no results of liver cancer caused by aristolochic acid have been made in adult mice, so it is too early to think that aristolochic acid is the main cause of liver cancer in China.

  six

  The original research drug went to sea for the first time, and the national research anticancer drug was approved for listing in the United States.

  A movie, Dying to Survive, made anticancer drugs attract public attention. Subsequently, zero tariffs on imported anticancer drugs and negotiations on anticancer drugs have also become hot spots of public concern.

  On September 23rd, the National Health and Wellness Commission and other 10 departments jointly issued the Healthy China Action — — Cancer prevention and treatment implementation plan (2019— In 2022) (hereinafter referred to as the "Program"), the "Program" pointed out that a set of "combination boxing" will be made by unblocking the temporary import channels of anticancer drugs that are urgently needed in clinic, promoting the substitution of generic drugs, and incorporating them into medical insurance, so as to improve the accessibility of anticancer drugs and enable ordinary people to buy, afford and use anticancer drugs in China.

  The "Proposal" clearly stipulates that the zero tariff on imported drugs should be promoted, and various links such as R&D, production, procurement, import and use should be fundamentally straightened out, and the price of anticancer drugs will continue to decline, further promoting the simultaneous listing of new overseas drugs in China and avoiding the "foreign moon and domestic circle" caused by the difficulty in obtaining anticancer drugs.

  Nowadays, the situation of "only getting in but not getting out" of original anticancer drugs has been broken. On November 14th, zanubrutinib, a BTK inhibitor developed by Baekje Shenzhou Company, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma who had received at least one therapy before. At this point, "the drug became the first new anti-cancer drug independently developed by local enterprises in China and approved for listing by the FDA, realizing the new drug originally developed by China ‘ Zero breakthrough ’ 。” Dr Wu Xiaobin, general manager and president of Baekje Shenzhou China, said.

  seven

  Supervision is imminent. E-cigarettes are as harmful as traditional cigarettes.

  Some businesses advocate that e-cigarettes are less harmful to human body and can help smokers quit smoking. Self-adjusting taste, cleanliness and environmental protection, and convenient use have all become eye-catching labels of e-cigarettes.

  "Generally speaking, e-cigarettes will highlight the characteristics of high technology content and trendy fashion in product performance and ingredients. However, the ingredients of e-cigarettes are nothing more than nicotine, water, spices, propylene glycol and glycerol. As for the principle, it is even simpler, just an electronic evaporation, and there is no technology content at all." Zhang Zhigang, a senior engineer of China Environmental Behavior Law Society, said.

  More seriously, consumers don’t know that under normal use conditions, the concentrations of some metals (including lead, chromium and nickel) and formaldehyde in some e-cigarette aerosols are equal to or higher than those in traditional cigarettes, and these harmful substances are even higher than the content of second-hand smoke produced by traditional cigarettes. In addition, e-cigarettes will also produce some toxic substances that are not found in traditional cigarette smoke, such as glyoxal, which is flammable, toxic and irritating, and its vapor or fog will stimulate eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.

  With the United States, Japan, India and other countries banning e-cigarettes to varying degrees, the voice that China should legislate and supervise e-cigarettes as soon as possible is getting louder and louder. Hu Qingyuan, director of the National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, said: "Fortunately, we have already started to act." On November 1, the State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau and the State Administration of Market Supervision jointly issued the Notice on Further Protecting Minors from E-cigarettes, urging enterprises or individuals that produce and sell e-cigarettes to withdraw their e-cigarette advertisements published through the Internet, and the supervision of e-cigarettes is becoming increasingly strict.

  eight

  Can cerebral palsy be cured? "Needle-sealing therapy" triggered a normative discussion on new therapy.

  Cerebral palsy is recognized by the medical community as incurable. However, the media reported that the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (hereinafter referred to as the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University) adopted "needle sealing therapy" for children with cerebral palsy (the full name is "point plus acupoint drug injection therapy"), and the hospital claimed to evaluate 381 children. The results showed that 190 cases, that is, nearly half, were normalized.

  On October 21st, an article questioned the "needle sealing therapy" invented by Wan Guolan, the founder and honorary director of the Children’s Rehabilitation Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengda, and the "needle sealing therapy" was pushed to the forefront. Sun Yong ‘an, chief physician of the Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, said that "needle sealing therapy" is more of a gimmick, and even if it is effective, its effect is limited. Nerve injury is generally caused by congenital development or acquired injury. If it is cerebral palsy caused by poor nerve development in the embryo, even if there is some growth compensation, it is still difficult to completely cure it.

  Cerebral palsy is difficult to treat, and there is no standard single treatment. Some experts said that we should not arbitrarily think that all self-created therapies are ineffective. Because medicine is a practical subject, it is advancing through constant exploration and trial, and some new therapies really need to break through the routine. However, the technology applied in clinic should be universally recognized and supported by evidence-based medicine. To carry out a clinical trial, first of all, the institutions involved and the researchers involved in the trial must have the qualifications to carry out clinical research; Second, it is necessary to carry out strict registration and filing, and strictly design the test plan, demonstration and modification; Third, it should be recognized by clinical trial management institutions and ethics committees; Fourth, the subjects should have the full right to know, the experimenter should ensure the safety of the subjects, and the subjects have the right to withdraw at any time during the treatment. As for the efficacy of the new therapy, it also needs a large sample of randomized double-blind controlled studies to verify it.

  nine

  At the dawn of treatment, "small molecular glue" can devour the pathogenic protein of Huntington’s disease

  Involuntary dance-like movements, cognitive impairment and mental abnormality … … Huntington’s disease is one of the four major neurodegenerative diseases. Because the biochemical activity of the mutant Huntington’s protein (mHTT) causing the disease is unknown, it can’t be targeted. The traditional method of blocking the activity of the pathogenic protein by blocking agents is not suitable for the treatment of the disease.

  At the end of October, researchers from Fudan University published their achievements in Nature, and found a "small molecular glue" that "devours" Huntington’s disease-causing protein through screening based on compound chips and cutting-edge optical methods, which is expected to bring new dawn to the clinical treatment of Huntington’s disease.

  In the study, the team focused on controlling autophagy, an intracellular protein degradation pathway, to effectively reduce the level of mutant Huntington protein. In order to solve the problem of "self-injury", the team imagined to invent a kind of "small molecule glue", which can aim directly at the bull’s-eye, firmly stick LC3 and pathogenic protein (or other pathogenic substances) together, and then wrap the pathogenic protein into autophagy bodies for degradation. After screening, purification and a series of cell experiments, the research team obtained four kinds of "small molecular glues" that can bind LC3 and mutant Huntington protein.

  According to team member Lu Bojun, at least two of these four compounds can cross the blood-brain barrier and directly reduce the level of mutant Huntington protein in the cerebral cortex and striatum of Huntington’s disease mice through low-dose intraperitoneal administration, without affecting the level of wild-type Huntington protein in brain tissue, and also improve the disease-related phenotype, which provides a breakthrough point for the development of oral or injection drugs for Huntington’s disease, and is expected to be applied to motor coordination disorders, facial twitching and muscle spasms.

  10

  "Aristocratic Drugs" Self-devalued Medical Insurance Drug List Negotiation to Reduce Patients’ Burden

  Only when good drugs enter medical insurance can people finally get benefits.

  In December, the National Health Insurance Bureau released the National Drug List of Basic Medical Insurance, Work Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance in 2019 (hereinafter referred to as the Drug List). The results showed that 97 of the 150 negotiated drugs were successfully negotiated, and the average price dropped by 60.7%. This is also the largest since the establishment of the medical insurance system in China, with remarkable results.

  During the negotiation, the National Medical Insurance Bureau spared no effort in bargaining. Take the shortlisted hepatitis C drugs as an example, four companies directly measure the quotation on the spot, and the quotation of each drug should be accurate to two decimal places. There are two quotations in total. If both of them fail to reach the psychological price of the medical insurance bureau, or exceed 15% of the medical insurance payment standard, they will be directly out. In the end, Ledipaviso fosbuvir tablets from Gilead Scientific Company, fosbuvir patavir and Elba Wegera Rive tablets from Merck were selected with an average decrease of 85%.

  Xiong Xianjun, director of the Department of Medicine Management of the National Health Insurance Bureau, said that the significant reduction in drug costs is one of the results of this negotiation. By giving play to the role of the medical insurance department as a "strategic buyer", the drug costs will be greatly reduced by changing the price. A number of world-renowned "noble drugs" have been marked with "civilian prices", and imported drugs have basically given the lowest price in the world. It is conservatively estimated that through negotiation of price reduction and medical insurance reimbursement, the personal burden level of patients will be reduced to less than 20%, and individual drugs will be reduced to less than 5%.

Hu Angang: Deng Xiaoping Human Capital Investment Decision and Long-term Bonus.

Abstract: The modernization of education in China has always been a major strategic issue and strategic choice for the country’s development. The cognition and judgment of leaders in different periods on the reality of education have an important impact on the modernization of education. China’s educational modernization process has both successful experiences and mistakes. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, he has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13, 1966, according to the instructions of Mao Zedong, he made a decision with Liu Shaoqi to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities and reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd and proposed to restore the higher education examination system, which was approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. The second decision not only produced a long-term human capital dividend, but also profoundly affected the process of educational modernization in China, laying the foundation for a modern educational system.

China is a country with the largest population in the world, but also a country lacking in human capital. From the perspective of national modernization, more population has become a heavy burden of economic development, and less human capital has become an important constraint of economic development. In this sense, a large population is not necessarily a good thing, unless the population burden is transformed into human resources wealth. [1] Therefore, China should take human capital as the first capital, human resources as the first resource, and invest in people and develop human resources as its basic national policy. China’s modernization is essentially human modernization, and human modernization is essentially the continuous expansion and accumulation of human resources or human capital stock, which has become an increasingly important source of economic development and constitutes the ultimate foundation of national wealth (material wealth, social wealth, cultural wealth and ecological wealth). [1] (P.174) Leaders’ understanding of China’s basic national conditions directly affects the decision-making of human capital investment and the process of human capital accumulation, which in turn will affect the long-term dividend of human capital to China’s modernization development. From the past decades, China has also experienced a historical process of success first, then twists and turns, and then success, and gradually realized the transformation from a heavy population burden to a powerful country in human resources or human capital in the world. China has become the world’s largest number of students in higher education.

First, from a big country with illiteracy to a big country with modern education

In modern times, China is not only a laggard and latecomer of world modernization, but also a laggard and latecomer of educational modernization. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that modern education was introduced from the west and a national education system was established. By the time New China was founded in 1949, it had been about half a century. From the perspective of higher education, only 185,000 people in China had college education or above, accounting for 3.42% of the total population? . The number of college students in China is only 117,000. [2] At that time, about 80% of the people in the country were illiterate and semi-illiterate, and the average education period of the population over 15 years old was only 1.0 years, which was a big country full of illiteracy. [3]

After the founding of New China, China began an unprecedented cultural construction, including "implementing universal education in a planned and step-by-step manner, strengthening secondary and higher education, and paying attention to technical education" [4].

By the mid-1960s, a relatively complete modern national education system had been established in China, and the level of human capital had been significantly improved. According to the data of the second national census in 1964, the illiteracy rate dropped to 32.3%, which was half as much as 80% in 1949. The population of junior college or above reached 2.875 million, 15.5 times that of 1949, with an average annual growth rate of 21.6% from 1949 to 1964. The average educational years of the population over 15 years old in China reached 2.6 years, equivalent to 2.6 times that of 1949. During 1949-1964, the average annual growth rate was 7.06%, which was much higher than the average annual growth rate of the total population (2.08%) in the same period. Even though higher education was seriously affected by the Great Leap Forward, the number of students in institutions of higher learning dropped from 962,000 in 1960 to 674,000 in 1965 [2] (P.483), which was still the first golden age for the development of modern education in China.

Although China’s modern national education, especially modern university education, has developed rapidly and achieved remarkable results, the basic national conditions of low level of human capital have not fundamentally changed. Compared with developed countries, in 1965, the average length of education of the population over 15 years old was 10 years in the United States, equivalent to 3.8 times that of China; It is 7.5 years in Japan, which is 2.9 times that of China. In particular, the population above junior college is quite scarce, accounting for only 0.416% of the total population (723 million people) in China. Proceeding from this basic national condition, it is necessary to continuously accelerate the modernization of national education, including the development of modern higher education.

Two, Mao Zedong from the reform of the education system to launch the "cultural revolution"

After 1965, Mao Zedong shifted the focus of "opposing and preventing revisionism" to how to prevent revisionism in the Communist Party of China (CPC), especially in the leading organs of the Party. [5] His judgment on academia and education has also changed. In March 1966, he said at the enlarged meeting in The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC): "Now, most universities, middle schools and primary schools are monopolized by people from the bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and rich land." [6] On May 7 of the same year, he reiterated this view in his letter to Lin Biao. Therefore, Mao Zedong’s proposal to reform the education system is not to change the backward situation of modern education, but to change "the phenomenon of bourgeois intellectuals ruling schools".

In fact, Mao Zedong had put forward the idea of reforming the education system before this. In 1964, Mao Zedong proposed that the education system should be reformed. "You don’t know the class struggle. How can you be a college graduate?" [7] According to Mao Zedong’s instructions, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on Organizing Liberal Arts Teachers and Students in Colleges and Universities to Participate in the Socialist Education Movement on September 11th of the same year.

Mao Zedong launched the "Cultural Revolution" with the educational front as an important breakthrough. On June 12th, 1966, Mao Zedong presided over the enlarged meeting of the CPC The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). When talking about the "Cultural Revolution", he said: "First seize power, criticize authority, and then engage in teaching reform and educational system reform. The central government should establish a high school and university entrance examination system by combining school recommendation and selection. " [8] On June 13th, according to Mao Zedong’s instructions and under the auspices of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued a notice, deciding to reform the entrance examination method for colleges and universities, calling the entrance examination method at that time "basically not jumping out of the bourgeois examination system", and decided to postpone the entrance examination for colleges and universities for half a year in 1966. In fact, it is to suspend classes for half a year for college students nationwide to engage in the "Cultural Revolution" movement.

On June 18th, People’s Daily published the decisions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, and published an editorial entitled "Do a good job in the cultural revolution thoroughly and reform the education system thoroughly". The editorial said: "The old entrance examination system has become a stumbling block to the cause of socialist education and the great proletarian cultural revolution." On June 27th, the Ministry of Higher Education issued a notice that the enrollment of graduate students in 1966 and 1967 was suspended. [9]

On July 24th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on the Reform of Enrollment in Colleges and Universities. The circular pointed out that since liberation, although the methods of college entrance examination have been continuously improved, they have basically not jumped out of the bourgeois examination system. Decided to cancel the exam and adopt a combination of recommendation and selection. This became the method of university enrollment in the early 1970s.

However, once the "Cultural Revolution" is launched, it is difficult to proceed according to the wishes of the initiators and leaders, and it is often "the opposite direction". First, "suspension of classes and revolting" (June 1966), the enrollment of colleges and universities was stopped; Then there was "resumption of classes and revolting" (early 1967); Then, the workers’ propaganda team and the military propaganda team were assigned to colleges and universities to disperse the Red Guards (August 1968); Mobilizing junior and senior high school graduates to go to the countryside (December, 1968) was actually a way of forcibly mobilizing a large number of urban educated youth to go to the countryside, which led to the biggest interruption of human capital investment and accumulation since the founding of New China.

Third, the "Cultural Revolution" loss of human capital

The impact, interruption and even long-term impact of the "Cultural Revolution" on the accumulation process of high human capital (mainly refers to the population with college education or above) and medium human capital (refers to the population with secondary college education) was called "the biggest loss" by Deng Xiaoping, which delayed a generation.

The university stopped enrolling students for four years, and the number of students in the university dropped significantly (see attached table). It is conservatively estimated that during the "Cultural Revolution", if 1965 is taken as the base, tens of thousands of graduate students, 1 million college graduates and 2 million secondary school graduates were less trained nationwide. The actual number may be even larger, because the enrollment rate of universities or high schools in China is much lower than that of countries with the same income level. In 1979, after the college entrance examination was resumed for three consecutive years, the university enrollment rate in China was only 1.2%, which was only half of the average of other low-income countries and only a quarter of the average of developing countries. [10] In addition, the recruitment of overseas students was stopped for six years (from 1966 to 1971).

Secondary school education has also been severely impacted, with the number of students enrolled dropping, even stopping enrolling, and the number of students in school dropping sharply. In 1979, the total number of students in vocational and technical schools was only 1.4 million, far below the level in 1965; The number of students in vocational and technical schools accounts for 2.4% of the total number of students in all secondary schools, far below the average of 11% in developing countries. Part of the result of this situation is that in 1979, only 0.5% of the workforce received higher education, and only 0.9% received secondary technical or vocational education (many of them were teachers). [10](pp.92,93)

On October 22, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping met with a delegation from the Korean Central News Agency, he said that the Gang of Four had caused great damage in various fields, and the most damaged areas were education, science and technology. The destruction of education is not reading, which makes the scientific research team lack successors. [11] This is why Deng Xiaoping changed the original enrollment plan of colleges and universities and advocated the restoration of the unified examination system for college enrollment.

Fourth, Deng Xiaoping: Take the education front as the breakthrough of reform and opening up.

Deng Xiaoping promotes reform and opening up, and also chooses the education front as a breakthrough.

On the question of whether to restore the unified examination system for college enrollment, the focus of debate is whether to continue along the so-called "Cultural Revolution" or turn to the normal entrance examination practice that conforms to the laws and characteristics of modern education development. This is not only a dispute about the route, but also a dispute about the basic common sense of human capital investment, and it is also a livelihood event involving thousands of families. Only through social practice can we distinguish right from wrong.

As early as 1975, faced with many obstacles, Deng Xiaoping proposed to let the army take the lead and set up a National University of Defense Technology in the army to recruit students directly from high schools. On May 24, 1977, Deng Xiaoping, who had not yet officially returned, told Wang Zhen and Deng Liqun that Japan had paid attention to science and technology and education since the Meiji Restoration, and spent a lot of effort. Meiji Restoration is a reform carried out by Japan’s new bourgeoisie. As the proletariat, we should do better than them. He clearly pointed out that scientific research must be accompanied by education. He specifically mentioned that it is necessary to pass strict examinations and concentrate the best people in key middle schools and universities. He also said that if he comes out to work and is in charge of science, technology and education, he hopes that from now on, starting from primary school, he will see small results in five years, see results in 10 years, and see great results in 15 years and 20 years. [12]

Under the direct leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the Ministry of Education has greatly improved the enrollment system of colleges and universities, changed the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution", and resumed the method of unified examination and merit-based admission.

From June 29th to July 15th, the Ministry of Education held the first symposium on college enrollment, which discussed and solved some problems such as the qualifications of students taking the college entrance examination, and put forward the enrollment plan for colleges and universities.

On July 23, Deng Xiaoping said: "Education should walk on two legs and have a focus. Universities should recruit students from workers, peasants and soldiers, and key schools can recruit students from fresh high school graduates. " [11] (P.165) He also said, "No matter how many college students you recruit, you must take the exam. If you fail the exam, you can’t take it. My children can’t pass the exam, and they can’t go through the back door. " [13]

On July 29th, Deng Xiaoping talked about education with Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao, and proposed that "a number of key universities should be grasped, which are the centers of education and scientific research". He also proposed, "There are several issues to consider: First, whether to abolish the practice that high school graduates have to work for two years before they can go to college? Second, we must adhere to the examination system, and key schools must insist on failing to repeat grades. We should have a clear attitude towards this. Third, we should make a report outline and put forward principles, policies and measures. The relationship between education and scientific research is very close. We should pay close attention to it, start with education, and have specific measures, otherwise it will be an empty gun. " [11] (P.167) At that time, this decision caused great controversy. On August 1st, Deng Xiaoping, Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao talked about education again. He pointed out that education should be run on two legs, and schools can take various forms. The overall goal is to train a group of people as soon as possible. The fundamental plan is to start with education and primary schools, otherwise catching up will become empty talk. The number of key schools should not be too small, so we should start to designate them immediately. Walk on two legs, but with emphasis. Key universities recruit students directly from high school graduates. When compiling teaching materials, we must absorb advanced things from the world and make foreign things serve China, especially in natural science. From the beginning of teaching the most advanced things, students will be inspired to develop in a broader and deeper direction, which is promising. [11] (pp. 168 ~ 169) He also said that for those young intellectuals who have reached a higher level through self-study,It is necessary to study how and how to select them back. There are thousands of such people, so we should pay great attention to them, cherish them and do everything possible to recruit them back to college or graduate school. [14]

On August 6th, Deng Xiaoping presided over a symposium on science and education. He proposed: "The new education system will be implemented from next year. To make preparations this year, we should determine the academic system, teaching materials, teachers, students’ sources, enrollment system, examination system and assessment system, and do a good job. Don’t make frequent changes after doing a good job. Of course, small changes are still possible. " He proposed, "Take back the original enrollment report and rewrite it according to everyone’s opinions. Enrollment involves millions of young people who go to the countryside. We should come up with a way to select outstanding talents without causing fluctuations. Key schools should recruit students in a unified way. This year, I am determined to enroll students as required, and the students recruited must meet the requirements. " [11](pp.175,176)

On August 8th, Deng Xiaoping firmly stated that this year, he would make up his mind to resume accepting students directly from high school graduates and stop making recommendations from the masses. Recruiting students directly from senior high school is a good way to produce talents and results early. [11](p.179)

From 17 August to 25 September, the Ministry of Education held another national conference on enrollment in Beijing Friendship Hotel. The enrollment targets determined by this conference were: workers, peasants, educated youths who went to the countryside and returned to their hometowns (including those who have not been assigned jobs according to the policy), demobilized soldiers, cadres and fresh high school graduates, aged about 20, but not more than 25, unmarried. Those who are rich in practical experience and have made achievements or have expertise in research can be relaxed to 30 years old, regardless of their marriage. [15]

On August 18th, Deng Xiaoping reviewed and agreed to the "Request for Instructions on Delaying Enrollment and Freshmen’s Opening Time" submitted by the Ministry of Education. The report stated that colleges and secondary specialized schools had planned to start enrolling students in August and freshmen would start school in mid-November. According to Vice Chairman Deng’s instructions, we will greatly improve the enrollment system of colleges and universities, and the enrollment time will be postponed to the fourth quarter. Freshmen in 1977 will enter school before the end of February next year (referring to 1978), which will be postponed for three months (including winter vacation). [11](p.185)

On September 25th, the National Conference on Enrollment of Colleges and Universities decided to change the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution" and restore the method of unified examination and merit-based admission. [11](p.185)

In 1977, the college entrance examination was postponed to the fourth quarter. In December, about 5.7 million young people in China took the entrance examination for colleges and universities. The candidates were graduates from 1966 to 1977, aged between 15 and 16 and in their thirties. Colleges and universities selected 273,000 students, and the admission rate was the lowest since the founding of New China, only 4.8%. The freshmen were admitted around February 1978. [16]

In July 1978, another 6.1 million people took the second national college entrance examination. Two recruitment examinations with a total of more than 11.8 million people set a record in the history of higher education examinations in China and even the world. [17] This fully reflects the strong desire of this generation to go to school, to be knowledgeable, and to change their own destiny. They finally got the chance to make their own choices.

This is Deng Xiaoping’s first major decision after his comeback. It took only a few months from putting forward the idea (May 1977) to making a decision (October 1977) and then implementing it (December 1977). A year later, at the end of 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that the major decision of reform and opening up was the second largest decision. The author calls this first major decision the "seed" of reform and opening-up. It was Deng Xiaoping’s decision to resume the college entrance examination, which planted the "seed" of human capital for China’s modernization, and achieved the situation of "taking root, flowering and bearing fruit" in the later reform and opening-up.

In 1982, when college students of Grade 7-7 and Grade 7-8 graduated, there were about 6.1 million people with college education, accounting for only 0.615% of the total population. By 2013, there will be about 130 million people with college degree or above in China, accounting for 9.6% of the total population, which has surpassed the total population of Japan (127 million)!

Six, resume the recruitment of graduate students, establish a degree system with China characteristics.

In 1978, it was the first year that China resumed the postgraduate system.

On August 4, 1977, Deng Xiaoping proposed that those young intellectuals who went to the countryside to reach a higher level through self-study should do everything possible to find them to come back to college or become graduate students. He also specifically mentioned that in a few years, universities should focus on training graduate students, so that researchers can grow rapidly. This is a matter of policy, so that people can get out faster. I believe that Chinese is smart and will produce a lot of talents. [11] (p.173) This shows that Deng Xiaoping is very clear that the cultivation of high-end talents needs to start with the cultivation of graduate students.

It was under the direct impetus of Deng Xiaoping that in January 1978, the Ministry of Education and the State Planning Commission formulated the national postgraduate enrollment plan. [11] (p.255) On February 28th, China Academy of Social Sciences decided to recruit graduate students for the whole country. In that year, more than 10,500 graduate students were enrolled in China. This figure is close to the total number of graduate students trained in the 17 years before the "Cultural Revolution" (referring to 1949-1966). [16](pp.107,193)

While recruiting college students and graduate students in an all-round way, Deng Xiaoping and others have encountered new problems. As a modern university education, should we implement a degree system? If the degree system is to be implemented, what kind of degree system will be adopted? Which system can better represent the world trend?

Implementing the degree system is an important institutional arrangement for a country to train high-level talents, and it is also a basic system generally adopted by modern countries. There are different models and practices in the world: one is the three-level degree system generally adopted by western countries, that is, the establishment of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees. In April 1935, China introduced and imitated the degree system implemented in the United States. By the time New China was founded in 1949, more than 200 people had obtained master’s degrees. The other is the two-level degree system adopted by the Soviet Union, that is, there are only doctoral and associate doctoral degrees, and there are no undergraduate degrees. Due to the influence of the Soviet higher education system after the founding of New China, the three-level degree system in western countries was no longer adopted, and only postgraduate education was implemented. Postgraduates were enrolled in 1950, and by 1965, more than 22,700 people had been enrolled.

From 1961 to 1964, the academic degree regulations drafted by Nie Rongzhen, vice premier of the State Council and director of the State Science and Technology Commission, were basically based on the Soviet model, but this regulation did not become a formal system.

When Deng Xiaoping considered what kind of degree system China was planning to build, two important figures played a key role, one was Hu Qiaomu, and the other was Jiang Nanxiang. This is related to the fact that they all studied in Tsinghua University and understood the western degree system.

Jiang Nanxiang, Minister of Education, personally presided over the drafting of the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Draft), which was adopted in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on February 12, 1980 and came into force on January 1, 1981. In this regard, Jiang Nanxiang explained that the proposed academic degree regulations adopted a three-level academic degree system, so as to communicate with the internationally accepted academic degree system, which is conducive to sending international students and international academic exchanges. The proposed degree system has China characteristics: First, we must adhere to the socialist orientation. We should promote the growth of "red and specialized" senior professionals through the degree system, and ask different degree applicants to support the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and the socialist system. Second, we must emphasize the principle of combining theory with practice. Degree applicants at all levels should not only reach a considerable academic level in the basic theory and expertise of this subject, but also have the corresponding ability to solve practical problems, and neither of them can be neglected. Third, we must implement the principle of quality first, and our country’s degree system should be worthy of the name.

From July 26th to August 2nd, 1981, the first meeting of the Discipline Appraisal Committee of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee awarded 805 doctoral programs in China, which could instruct 1,143 doctoral tutors. There are 2,957 professional programs that award master’s degrees. [16](p.460)

Seven, Deng Xiaoping proposed to send students abroad.

On August 8, 1977, Deng Xiaoping presided over the symposium on science and education, and put forward the idea of sending people to study abroad for the first time. [11](p.179)

On June 22, 1978, Deng Xiaoping Tong Fangyi, Jiang Nanxiang, Liu Xiyao, etc. talked and suggested that it is worthwhile to spend more money on increasing the number of overseas students. This is one of the important ways to achieve quick results in five years and improve China’s scientific level. [11] (P.331) reflects Deng Xiaoping’s strategic vision of cultivating high-end talents.

On July 10th, Deng Xiaoping met with Frank Press, Science and Technology Advisor to the President of the United States and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Press hopes that this trip will lay the foundation for China and the United States to sign agreements on agricultural exchanges, space technology and exchanges between international students and scholars, and he also suggests to Deng Xiaoping that China send 20-30 students to study in the United States. To Press’s complete surprise, Deng Xiaoping suggested that the United States accept 700 science students from China, and the goal in the next few years is tens of thousands. Press immediately called President Carter, woke him up from his sleep at 3 am, and asked him to approve China to send 700 students to study in the United States, and more students would be welcome in the next few years. Later, Carter readily agreed to the Chinese request. [18]

On August 4th, the Ministry of Education issued a notice according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 1978, the number of overseas students (including college students, advanced students and graduate students) increased to more than 3,000, mainly for studying science and engineering (including agriculture and medicine) related majors. [16] (p.142) On August 20th, Deng Xiaoping approved the Ministry of Education’s "Several Instructions on Sending Overseas Students", and agreed to send 3,000 overseas students in 1978, with the focus on advanced students and graduate students. [11](p.354)

At the end of August, the People’s Letters Summary reported that a student from Shanghai Hongkou Model Middle School requested to study in Japan at his own expense. Deng Xiaoping agreed to Fang Yi’s "permission" reply. [11] (P.365) So far, the way of studying abroad at one’s own expense has been opened.

In the second half of 1978, the first batch of international students from China arrived in the United States. In 1979, there were 1025 international students studying in the United States. By 1984, the number of international students had reached 14,000, two thirds of whom were studying physics, medicine and engineering. Peking University and Tsinghua University are even called "preparatory schools" for public science students studying in the United States. [18](p.128)

On July 16th, 1982, the State Council approved the Regulations of the Ministry of Education and other departments on studying abroad at one’s own expense, and put forward that studying abroad at one’s own expense is a channel for cultivating talents. [16] (pp.556-557) Since then, studying abroad at one’s own expense has gradually developed into the main channel for studying abroad.

Eight, Deng Xiaoping agreed to establish a postdoctoral mobile station system to cultivate high-end talents.

On May 21st, 1985, Deng Xiaoping met with Professor Li Zhengdao and his wife to exchange views on developing science and training talents. Li Zhengdao suggested to Deng Xiaoping that in order to create a favorable condition for China’s overseas researchers to return to work, more than a dozen post-doctoral mobile stations could be established as a pilot. This time, when Li Zhengdao made a presentation to Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping also specifically asked, "Why should we train postdoctoral doctors?"? When Li Zhengdao explained it, Deng Xiaoping agreed. He said: "Postdoctoral is a new thing and a new term to me. It is the first time I heard that … setting up a postdoctoral mobile station is a new method, which is very good. Combine training with use, cultivate in use, and find more advanced talents in training and use. There are too few ten postdoctoral mobile stations, and it is necessary to establish hundreds of mobile stations and become a system. " [19]

In July 1985, China began to implement the postdoctoral system. This shows that overseas Chinese have played an important role in promoting the establishment of a modern education system in China. Deng Xiaoping’s decision has greatly promoted the establishment of high-level talent training system in China, which is a typical case of institutional change in the process of economic system reform in China.

In 1985, there were only 102 postdoctoral mobile stations in China, and by 2013, it had reached 2703. From 1985 to 2013, a total of 70,289 people left the station.

IX. Summary: Long-term Bonus of Human Capital Decision in Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13th, 1966. On the instructions of Mao Zedong, he and Liu Shaoqi made a decision to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year, and proposed to reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September 1977, after a lapse of 11 years, Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd, changed the original enrollment plan in 1977, postponed the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year again, and formally proposed to Hua Guofeng and other The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) to restore the higher education examination system, which was officially approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee (October 5, 1977).

The two decision-making processes have different historical backgrounds and decision-making mechanisms, so there are two different decision-making results, which also reflect the learning process of decision-makers in China, including the understanding and summary of success and failure, right and wrong. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, the first decision was passive, and the second was active. Without decision-making mistakes, there is no decision-making cost. Without decision-making cost, it is difficult to reach a political consensus and make a correct decision quickly.

As early as May 1977, in view of education and science and technology, which were the hardest hit areas of the "Cultural Revolution", Deng Xiaoping once imagined that after his comeback, he would pay great attention to education. We will achieve small results in five years, great results in 10 years, and great results in 15 years and 20 years. [12] It is clear that Deng Xiaoping is not only a great politician, but also a great strategist. He made a series of human capital investment decisions, such as resuming the college entrance examination, recruiting graduate students, establishing a degree system, promoting studying abroad, and setting up postdoctoral mobile stations, which are long-term and strategic decisions, and have produced long-term human capital dividends, which in turn have profoundly affected the process of reform, opening up and socialist modernization in China.

This long-term human capital dividend is as follows (see the table on the next page): compared with 1978, 2013 is equivalent to 28.8 times the number of students in colleges and universities in 1978, 164.1 times the number of graduate students and 481.3 times the number of students studying abroad. In addition, the author estimates that the gross enrollment rate of China University was only about 0.5% in the early 1970s, less than 1% in 1978, and reached 34.5% in 2013. That is to say, according to the gross enrollment rate of universities, in 2013, the chances of college-age population in China being admitted to universities were more than 30 times that of 1978 and more than 60 times that of the early 1970s. Compared with the United States, in 1980, the number of students in colleges and universities in China was only 1.6% of that in the United States (10.475 million). By 2005, China surpassed the United States, and by 2009, China was equivalent to 122% of that in the United States. In 1980, the number of graduate students in China (21,600) was only 1.6% of that in the United States (1,343,000); in 2007, China (1,195,000) was 52.1% of that in the United States (2,294,000); in 2013, China reached 1,790,000; it is estimated that China will surpass the United States around 2015.

This all stems from Deng Xiaoping’s strategic conception, which has not returned in May 1977. We are not only grateful to Deng Xiaoping, but also want to learn from Deng Xiaoping. As the Supreme Leader said when commemorating the 110th anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s birth, "We should learn from his far-sighted strategic thinking when commemorating Comrade Deng Xiaoping", "We have gained insight into the development trend at home and abroad and made a series of major strategic decisions concerning the long-term development of the cause of the party and the state and the future and destiny of socialism". [20]

Deng Xiaoping’s decision on human capital investment is the most typical successful case. His far-sighted strategic thinking has not only become a long-term dividend for China’s human capital investment, but also the most precious political wealth for future generations.

Source: Compilation of Statistical Data of 60 Years in New China, China Statistics Publishing House, 2010, pp. 72-75; Statistical Abstract of China in 2014, China Statistics Publishing House, 2014, pp. 153-154.

Note: The two sets of data compared between 2013 and 1978 are calculated by the author according to the above data.

[Reference]

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[2] China Statistical Yearbook 1984, China Statistics Publishing House, 1984, p. 484.

[3] Hu Angang, Wang Hongchuan and Yan Yilong: Modernization of China: Human Resources and Education (1949 ~ 2030), Research on Education Development, No.1, 2015.

[4] "Selected Important Documents Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China" Volume 1, Central Literature Publishing House, 1992, p. 11.

[5] History of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Higher Education Press and People’s Publishing House, 2013, p. 173.

[6] Biography of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976) Volume II, Central Literature Publishing House, 2003, p. 1404.

[7] Mao Zedong Manuscripts Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China, Volume 11, Central Literature Publishing House, 1996, p. 96.

[8] Chronicle of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976), Volume 5, Central Literature Publishing House, 2013, p. 593.

[9] He Dongchang, editor-in-chief: "Important Educational Literature in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (1949 ~ 1997)", Hainan Publishing House, 1998, p. 1403.

[10] World Bank Economic Mission: "China: Development of Socialist Economy", China Financial and Economic Press, 1983, p. 92.

[11] The Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 227.

[12] Gu Weiming: "The initial brewing of the resumption of the college entrance examination system in 1977", "Research on Contemporary China History" No.5, 2003.

[13] Yang Shengqun and Chen Jin, editor-in-chief: "Historical Turning Point 1977 ~ 1978", Life, Reading and Knowledge Joint Publishing Company, 2009, p. 49.

[14]? Yearbook of Deng Xiaoping Thought (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2011, p. 59.

[15] Zhang Shujun and Gao Xinmin, editor-in-chief: Historical Archives of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China Economic Publishing House, 1998, p. 412.

[16] Xu Dashen, editor-in-chief: "A Record of People’s Republic of China (PRC)" Volume 4, Jilin People’s Publishing House, 1994, p. 57.

[17] Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, China National Museum: Historical Records of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2009,Page 361.

[18] [America] Fu Gaoyi: "Deng Xiaoping and China’s Opening to the Outside World: Sino-US Relations from 1977 to 1979", edited by Zhu Jiamu: "Contemporary China"And its Development Path —— Proceedings of the Second International Forum on Contemporary China History, Contemporary China Press, 2010, p.Page 127.

[19] Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2004, p. 976.

[20] Supreme Leader: Speech at the Symposium to Commemorate the 110th Anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s Birth (August 20, 2014), People’s Daily.August 21, 2014.

[Author] Hu Angang, Professor, School of Public Administration, Tsinghua University.

 Source of the article: Research on Contemporary China History