According to Agence France-Presse, the Thai military leader announced in a live television broadcast on the 22nd that a military coup would be launched from that day, and the military-controlled peacekeeping command announced that it would seize all the powers of the caretaker government to "prevent further conflicts and sacrifices". This is the 20th military coup in Thailand since 1932.

Thailand’s "National Daily" website also reported that Thai military leader Ba Yu announced a military coup in a live TV broadcast at 5 pm local time on the 22nd (6 pm Beijing time). Ba Yu said that the armed forces are about to seize power after months of political turmoil.

He said that in order to get the country back to normal order as soon as possible, the Thai National Peacekeeping Committee, composed of the military, the Thai armed forces, the air force and the police, needs to seize power at 4: 30 pm on May 22 (5: 30 pm Beijing time).

On May 22nd, the meeting of Thai military, caretaker government, House of Lords, Election Committee, People’s Committee for Thai Party, Democratic Party, anti-government organization and Anti-dictatorship Democratic Alliance (Red Shirt Army) broke down, and the leaders of the seven organizations attending the meeting were controlled by the military and left the Army Club in a van, temporarily missing. According to Xinhua News Agency, the Thai military has detained the demonstration leaders and government officials who participated in the talks.

At present, the street fighting between the "Yellow Shirt Army" and the "Red Shirt Army" in Thailand has basically stopped.

Soldiers and monks on the streets of Thailand

During the feudal monarchy in Thailand, except for large-scale foreign military aggression, the change of dynasties was relatively stable. However, after the first military coup in June 1932, Thailand has had 20 military coups, promulgated 17 constitutions, held 26 general elections and formed about 50 cabinets. It can be said that the modern history of Thailand is a history of military coup.

Attachment: List of coup history in Thailand since 1932

The first coup: From June 24th to June 27th, 1932, in order to change the autocratic monarchy, the People’s Party from the army launched a coup, and finally the People’s Party Committee appointed the conservative judge Piet Manubagong as the Prime Minister, also known as the Constitutional Revolution in Thailand.

Second coup: On June 20, 1933, contradictions occurred within the People’s Party, and finally the coup leader Pierre Paavon became the prime minister, and the strongman Mao Piwen began to emerge.

The third coup: from October 11 to October 15, 1933, the royal family staged a coup to urge the military government to hand over power, which was finally suppressed, and the status of Mao Piwen rose rapidly thereafter.

The fourth coup: On November 8, 1947, the old department of Mao Piwen accused the literati regime of being responsible for the death of King Rama VIII, and Mao Piwen went out again.

Fifth coup: On October 1, 1948, factional struggle within the military triggered a coup, and the coup leader was finally arrested.　

Sixth coup: On February 26, 1949, due to dissatisfaction with the accusation of the death of King Rama VIII, Thai navy soldiers staged a coup, and the coup leader was finally arrested.　

Seventh coup d’ é tat: From June 29th to July 2nd, 1951, the Thai navy staged a coup to protest against the government’s reduction of naval expenditure, which was finally suppressed by force.

Eighth coup: On November 29th, 1951, the military expressed dissatisfaction with the 1949 Constitution, which was eventually abolished and restored to the 1932 Constitution.

Ninth coup d’ é tat: On September 16th, 1957, due to fraud in the general election, the army staged a coup to overthrow the government of Mao Piwen and appointed a civilian as the prime minister of the transitional government.

Tenth coup: On October 20th, 1958, because the Prime Minister was unable to cope with the internal contradictions of the government, the military staged another coup, and soldier Sarit Thanarat came to power and took over the state’s military and political power.

Eleventh coup: On November 17, 1971, thanom kittikachorn, the prime minister of the military government, staged a coup against the parliament’s revision of the military government budget. In 1968, the constitution was abolished and the parliament was dissolved.

Twelfth coup: On October 14, 1973, King Bhumibol announced that he would withdraw his support for the military government, and thanom kittikachorn had to go into exile.

13th coup d’ é tat: On October 6, 1976, Admiral Chaloryoo of the Ministry of National Defense staged a coup on the pretext that there were communist party people in the cabinet, and then the military appointed Tanin Gaiwei, a conservative judge, to move out as prime minister, and the army actually took power, and communist party, Thailand, went downhill from then on.

14th coup d’ é tat: On March 26th, 1977, different factions in the army staged a coup d’ é tat over the distribution of military posts. The coup d’ é tat was shattered after only six hours, and the mastermind, General Chala, was executed.

Fifteenth coup: On October 20, 1977, Admiral Shae Charoru staged a coup because the Prime Minister interfered with military affairs. After the coup was successful, General Jiangsa Chamanan was appointed as Prime Minister.

Sixteenth coup: From April 1 to April 3, 1981, Chipatima, deputy chief of staff of the Army, staged a military coup because of differences of opinion, which was finally suppressed by troops loyal to the government.

Seventeenth coup: Manon, one of the leaders of the 16th coup in September, 1985, was unwilling to fail in the coup again, and finally the coup failed, and many senior Thai officials were arrested for being involved in this matter.

18th coup: On February 23rd, 1991, the government led by General chatichai choonhavan was overthrown by the military, and the regime fell into the hands of the National Peacekeeping Commission led by General Sunthorn Khongsompong.

19th coup d’ é tat: From September 19th to September 21st, 2006, the economic problems of Thaksin family triggered a political crisis. The military announced the dissolution of the cabinet led by Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, and the military organization took over the state power.

Twentieth coup: On May 22nd, 2014, Thai military leaders announced that they would seize all the powers of the caretaker government.

　　[When learning is going on] From April 24th to 27th, the Supreme Leader made an investigation in Anhui. He came to Lu ‘an, Chuzhou, Hefei and other places, and went deep into rural areas, enterprises, universities and scientific research and cultural units. What major issues did the top leaders talk about in this survey? The original brand column "Workshop" of Xinhuanet’s "Learning in Progress" today launched "Several Major Events Concerned by the Supreme Leader Anhui Investigation" to sort it out for you.

　　The general secretary is very busy, but he doesn’t forget to go deep into grassroots research during his busy schedule. In just four days in Anhui, the supreme leader went to the village to enter the house, go to school and listen to the report … … Non-stop, sleepless nights. In the investigation, he paid attention to several major events, all of which were connected with people’s livelihood and everything was related to the national movement.

　　传承

　　使红色基因渗进血液、浸入心扉

　　4月24日至27日，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席最高领袖在安徽调研。这是4月24日上午，最高领袖在六安市金寨县红军广场向革命烈士纪念塔敬献花篮。 新华社记者李涛摄

　　位于大别山区的金寨县是最高领袖这次调研的第一站。来到这个中国革命的重要策源地、人民军队的重要发源地，最高领袖满怀深情地说，一寸山河一寸血，一抔热土一抔魂。我们要沿着革命前辈的足迹继续前行，把红色江山世世代代传下去。革命传统教育要从娃娃抓起，既注重知识灌输，又加强情感培育，使红色基因渗进血液、浸入心扉，引导广大青少年树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观。

　　扶贫

　　必须横下一条心来抓

　　老区人民生活怎么样，最高领袖一直牵挂于心。在金寨，他询措施、问落实，同大家一起算脱贫时间账。最高领袖指出，脱贫攻坚已进入啃硬骨头、攻坚拔寨的冲刺阶段，必须横下一条心来抓。要强化目标责任，坚持精准扶贫，认真落实每一个项目、每一项措施，全力做好脱贫攻坚工作，以行动兑现对人民的承诺。

　　创新

　　把创新作为最大政策

　　4月24日至27日，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席最高领袖在安徽调研。这是4月26日下午，最高领袖在中国科技大学图书馆与正在上自习的学生们亲切交谈。 新华社记者李学仁摄

　　最高领袖十分重视创新驱动发展，将创新视为民族进步的灵魂。在中国科技大学、中科大先进技术研究院调研时，他强调，当今世界科技革命和产业变革方兴未艾，我们要增强使命感，把创新作为最大政策，奋起直追、迎头赶上。中国科技大学要勇于创新、敢于超越、力争一流，在人才培养和创新领域取得更加骄人的成绩，为国家现代化建设作出更大的贡献。

　　改革

　　改革要常讲常新

　　4月24日至27日，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席最高领袖在安徽调研。这是4月25日下午，最高领袖在滁州市凤阳县小岗村察看小麦长势。 新华社记者李学仁摄

　　最高领袖来到闻名全国的大包干发源地凤阳县小岗村，重温了中国改革历程。他说，小岗村发生的翻天覆地的变化，是我国改革开放的一个缩影，看了让人感慨万千。他强调，实践证明，唯改革才有出路，改革要常讲常新。

　　Leading demand development with new supply

　　After listening to the work report of the Anhui Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government, the supreme leader pointed out that it is necessary to further emancipate and develop social productive forces, lead demand development with new supply, and cultivate new impetus and create new engines for sustained economic growth. Good ecological environment is the proper meaning of supply-side structural reform, and it is also an important criterion to evaluate the effectiveness of supply-side structural reform.

　　Ensure that zero-employment families are dynamically "cleared"

　　The supreme leader pointed out that in the current situation of increasing downward pressure on the economy and increasing contradictions in social issues, it is especially necessary to fulfill the basic responsibility of ensuring the basics, ensuring the bottom line and protecting people’s livelihood. With the continuous advancement of supply-side structural reforms, some employees will be laid off, so we should pay more attention to the employment problem and ensure that the dynamics of zero-employment families are "cleared".

　　The blade breaks the word inward.

　　The supreme leader stressed that the new round of reform is characterized by more hard bones, more tough battles and more cheese. To deepen the reform in an all-round way, we must first cut the blade inward and dare to make self-revolution. The key point is to break the word and face difficulties. We must fundamentally stimulate motivation and let the people have a sense of gain. Party committees and governments at all levels, as well as leading cadres at all levels, should put themselves into thinking, discussing and grasping reform, and strive to be the pioneers of reform. List reform topics and set reform measures, closely meet the needs of the masses, listen carefully to their opinions, and let the people make contributions and gain more benefits in the reform.

　　food

　　Farmers produce food and increase their income go hand in hand.

　　Anhui is a big province of grain production. When you come to Anhui, you should naturally pay attention to grain production. In Xiaogang village, the top leader walked into the wheat field along the ridge to see the growth of wheat and understand the key points of planting management in high-yield demonstration fields. He stressed that it is necessary to optimize technical measures, implement supporting policies, protect farmers’ enthusiasm for growing grain, focus on improving the efficiency of grain production, and strive to achieve the organic unity of grain production development and economic strength enhancement in major grain producing areas, so that farmers can produce grain and increase their income simultaneously.

　　education

　　Be a "six haves" college student

　　When meeting the students of the University of Science and Technology of China, the supreme leader was earnest. He said that youth is the future of the country and the hope of the nation. I hope that students will shoulder the responsibility of the times, hold high their ideal sails, calm down and study hard, and strive to practice the basic skills of life and career, so as to be college students with ideals and pursuits, be responsible and accomplished, and be quality and cultivated. We should learn from the outstanding scientists of the older generation in China, and strive for shine on you rather than blue.

　　party constitution

　　Party constitution is a general rule and always follows.

　　The study and education of "two studies and one doing" is a major event in party building this year. How to learn? The supreme leader gave specific guidance. "Learn two things and do one thing", the foundation lies in learning, and we must first learn party constitution well. Party constitution is the party’s fundamental law, the general basis and follow-up for strictly administering the party in an all-round way, and the general rules and follow-up for all party member’s words and deeds.

　　Learning from party constitution is the basic skill of party member.

　　The whole party’s study and implementation of party constitution’s level determines the level of party member’s team’s party spirit cultivation, the level of cohesion and combat effectiveness of party organizations at all levels, and the level of comprehensive and strict management of the party. Whether senior cadres or ordinary party member, to be a qualified party member, studying and implementing party constitution is the first requirement.

　　He said that learning from party constitution is the basic skill of all party member, and this lesson should be done frequently. To learn from party constitution, we should not only learn from the original, but also learn repeatedly, so as to know what it is, and we should contact with practical learning and think deeply about it, so as to know why it is.

　　To contact the reality of six aspects:

　　Contact the history of the party and the reality of the historical position and historical mission undertaken by the party today;

　　Connecting the theoretical development of the party with the reality of strengthening ideals and beliefs today;

　　Contact the basic line of the party and the reality of doing all the work well today;

　　Contact the nature and purpose of the party and the reality of serving the people better today;

　　Contact the obligation rights of party members and the reality of giving full play to party member’s vanguard and exemplary role today;

　　Contact the party’s discipline and rules with the reality of solving outstanding problems in the party today.

　　The Secretariat elected by the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China is composed of Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Ren Bishi, and people call it the "Five Secretaries".

　　With the magnificent and glorious history of 95 years, the central organization of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has been adjusted and gradually improved from scratch, forming a party central organization with reasonable structure, complete setup and smooth operation. The central organization is the central organization of the party and the organizational core of the whole party. According to the current regulations of party constitution, the central organization of the Party includes the National Congress of the Party, the Central Committee and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection elected by it; The Political Bureau of the Central Committee and Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee elected by the plenary session of the Central Committee; The Central Military Commission (CMC) decided by the Central Committee and the Central Secretariat nominated by Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and adopted by the plenary session of the Central Committee. It can be said that the evolution history of the party’s central organization is a condensed history of the party. This paper focuses on the historical evolution of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, its Standing Committee, the Central Secretariat and the Central Military Commission (CMC).

　　The Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee and Central Secretariat.

　　The Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee are important parts of the Party’s central organization and leading bodies that faithfully implement the line, principles and policies adopted by the Party’s National Congress and the resolutions of the plenary session of the Central Committee.

　　The Secretariat of the Central Committee is the office of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee and an important organization of the CPC Central Committee.

　　The first congress of the party

　　Set the C.O. as the temporary central leading body.

　　A major decision of the Party is not to set up the Central Executive Committee for the time being, but to set up the Central Bureau as the temporary leading body of the Central Committee, with secretaries and members. In November, 1921, in the name of the secretary of the C.O., the the Communist Party of China (CPC) C.O. Notice was issued to party organizations all over the country. This is the first document issued after the establishment of the central leading body. In 1922, for the first time, the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China made more specific and clear provisions on the principles and policies of the Party’s organizational construction. Based on party constitution, the second Central Executive Committee of communist party, China, was elected as the leading body of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, with its chairman. In 1923, the leading body of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was the third executive committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC). According to the provisions of the three major party constitution, the Central Executive Committee has a standing body, namely, the Central Bureau and the Central Commissioner. The Third National Congress of the Communist Party of China adopted the Organic Law of the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), which made specific provisions on the central organization, division of responsibilities and work system of the Party for the first time.

　　The Fifth Congress of the Party

　　The Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee were formally established.

　　In November, 1924, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Political Bureau for the first time, consisting of Chen Duxiu, Cai Hesen and Vygotsky. The Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau were formally established at the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The Political Bureau of the Central Committee is the highest decision-making organ of the whole Party, and the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau is responsible for handling daily affairs. For the first time, the party’s decision-making organ and the organ responsible for daily work are divided into two institutions. This is a great contribution to the leadership system of the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Since then, in the evolution of the party’s central organization, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee has always existed in the sequence of central leading bodies, and his functions and status have not changed.

　　The Party’s Sixth party constitution stipulates that the Central Committee and the Political Bureau "elect the Standing Committee to carry out their daily work". The Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee were elected at the First Plenary Session of the Sixth CPC Central Committee.

　　The Fifth Plenary Session of the Sixth CPC Central Committee

　　First establishment of the Central Secretariat

　　In January 1934, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee was re-elected at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Party, and the Central Secretariat was established at the same time. It is generally believed that the Secretariat of the Central Committee at that time was actually Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. From September to November, 1938, after the Sixth Plenary Session of the enlarged Sixth Central Committee of the Party, The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) was officially replaced by the Central Secretariat. The Seventh National Congress of party constitution continued this institutional arrangement, stipulating that the Political Bureau of the Central Committee is the central guiding organ of the Party to guide all the work of the Party. The Secretariat of the Central Committee handles the daily work of the Central Committee under the the Political Bureau of the Central Committee Resolution. As a result, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau was not elected at the Seventh National Congress. This system was used until the Eighth National Congress of the Party in 1956.

　　The Secretariat elected by the Seventh National Congress is composed of Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Ren Bishi. People call it the "Five Secretaries", which forms the first generation of the central leading collective of the Party and plays an important role in the history of the Party.

　　Party’s Eighth National Congress

　　Resume the establishment of the Politburo Standing Committee

　　The Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China adjusted the central organization of the Party and resumed the establishment of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau. The Eighth National Congress of party constitution stipulates: "The plenary session of the Central Committee of the Party elects the Standing Committees of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Central Secretariat", "the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee exercise the functions and powers of the Central Committee when the plenary session of the Central Committee is not in session" and "The Central Secretariat is under the leadership of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee to handle the daily work of the Central Committee". The Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China elected a new central leading body.

　　After the "Cultural Revolution" began, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, its Standing Committee and Secretariat were severely impacted. After the Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee were restored to their original positions. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the position and role of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee as central leading bodies have not changed.

　　The Fifth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party

　　Restore the establishment of the Central Secretariat

　　The Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China determined the basic framework of the central leadership system, which had an important impact on the establishment of the central leadership system later. After the "Cultural Revolution", the Secretariat of the Central Committee stopped working, and it was not established at the 9th to 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.

　　In February 1980, the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the Resolution on the Establishment of the Central Secretariat, and resumed the establishment of the Central Secretariat as a regular working body under the leadership of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee. Members are directly elected by the Central Committee. The Twelfth National Congress of the Communist Party of China once again wrote the establishment of the Central Secretariat into party constitution, followed the provisions of the resolution of the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, and defined the establishment, production mode and functions of the Central Secretariat. The party constitution Amendment to the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China made appropriate amendments to the provisions on the establishment of the Central Secretariat. Since then, the provisions of the Central Secretariat have not changed.

　　the Central Military Commission (CMC)

　　The Central Military Commission (CMC) is the highest military leading organ of the Party, referred to as the Central Military Commission. It has experienced a complicated evolution and development process.

　　The Ministry of Military Affairs was established in 1925.

　　The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Military Ministry in 1925, the Central Military Commission in 1926, and the Military (Military) Ministry after the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. In January 1931, according to the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee’s decision, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Soviet was established in the Central Revolutionary Base. In November of the same year, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Soviet Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Central Revolutionary Military Commission) was established in the central revolutionary base area, which was the military leading body of the interim central government of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and chinese soviet republic.

　　The Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China established a military commission.

　　In August 1937, Luochuan Conference decided to form the Central Revolutionary Military Commission headed by Mao Zedong. The Seventh party constitution Congress of the Communist Party of China stipulated that the Central Committee should set up a military commission. On August 23rd, 1945, the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee decided to form the new the Central Military Commission (CMC). In November 1948, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided that the Central Military Commission should use the name of "China People’s Revolutionary Military Commission" when issuing orders to the public.

　　In 1959, the Central Military Commission set up a standing committee member.

　　In October 1949, the People’s Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People’s Government was established, and in September 1954, the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee decided to re-establish CPC Central Military Commission. Since September 1959, the Central Military Commission has set up a standing committee until the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.

　　In 1983, the State Central Military Commission was established.

　　Since June 1983, People’s Republic of China (PRC) the Central Military Commission (CMC) has been established according to the Constitution. The Central Military Commission of the Party and the Central Military Commission of the State are actually an institution, and their members and leadership functions are completely consistent. This leadership system with China characteristics ensures that the army is always under the absolute leadership of the Party.

　　Written by: Zhang Dongming Visual Coordinator: Zhang Fangman