More than 300,000 yuan for Porsche and 600,000 yuan for Bentley Rolls Royce? Smart, when you see such an advertisement, you must know that there are a lot of tricks. However, all-media reporters have noticed on major websites and community platforms that similar advertisements for selling luxury cars at ultra-low prices are endless every year, especially near the end of the year. Recently, the traffic police department announced some cases of car inspection, pointing to the risks and hazards of buying low-priced luxury cars. However, there are still many people who are willing to "pretend to be confused" and covet small bargains. Che Tianxiajun digs the stories behind these low-priced luxury cars for everyone.

　　Text/Photo: Guangzhou Daily All-Media Reporter Deng Li

　　[Price Check] There is a market for smuggling cars at a low price.

　　Rolls-Royce, Bentley, Ferrari, Lamborghini … … These familiar luxury cars are super-running, which is the dream of many people. Where there is demand, there is a market. A shady smuggling channel has been quietly selling ultra-low-priced luxury cars in the market for many years. This is what we often call water trucks. How cheap is the smuggling car? Take a 2015 Porsche Cayenne GTS as an example. The guide price of a new car is more than 1.5 million yuan, and the price of a used car with a car age of about 1-2 years ranges from 1 million to 1.3 million yuan, but it only takes more than 300,000 yuan to smuggle. A 2012 Bentley speeding at a price of 5 million yuan, the normal second-hand price is 1.3 million to 2 million yuan, but the smuggling car only needs 600,000 to 700,000 yuan. In other words, you can buy a top luxury car at the price of a small BMW or a big Mercedes-Benz. No wonder some people are excited.

　　The reporter noticed that the current "publicity" channels of car smugglers mainly rely on automobile communities and forums, followed by the spread of WeChat friends circle. In a rider forum, a reporter casually saw an advertisement: "Hummer, Porsche, 400,000 yuan, Touareg, 300,000 yuan, Bentley, 600,000 yuan can win … …” Followed by more than a dozen riders’ consultation posts. As for why it is so cheap, the poster explained that the original imported new cars sold by domestic 4S stores are all declared in the form of bulk import trade, and the state has imposed a high import tax. Their original imported cars are declared in the form of small import trade or goods, so the price is attractive. It sounds like that, but is it?

　　[Source Exploration] Most of them are illegal inflows of used cars in the United States.

　　The vehicle management department pointed out that at present, there are only two legal channels for regular imported cars. One is the medium-sized imported cars imported by automobile OEMs and sold by authorized dealers, and the other is the parallel imported cars imported through regular ports in countries such as Tianjin Port and Nansha Port. Those imported luxury cars that are far below the market price are not the same as the "parallel imported cars" that have already obtained the import status through formal channels.

　　How did these cars get into the domestic market? All-media reporters contacted a car smuggler by selling the phone number of car smuggling online. The other party claimed that he was in Dongguan. If the price was satisfactory, he could drive the car to Guangzhou and pay for it. After several communications, the smuggler also revealed a lot of information. He said that Huangjiang, Dongguan, where he is located, is the most concentrated place for smuggling cars, and most of them come from the used car market in Europe, America and Europe.

　　All-media reporters learned that the warranty period of new cars in the United States is generally three years, and the warranty cost will increase greatly after the warranty period, so many Americans will sell them after the warranty period. Therefore, the used car market in the United States is very large and cheap. These cheap used cars have become the main source of smuggled cars in China. Car dealers first import cars to Hong Kong duty-free and then smuggle them to the mainland through Hong Kong. The vehicle management department pointed out that these smuggled cars do not have legal "identity cards" and cannot be licensed in the vehicle management office.

　　[Turning into the road] All rely on the "deck" traffic police to directly detain the car.

　　There are policies and countermeasures, and car dealers try their best to sell smuggled cars. The traffic police department pointed out that the most common way for car smugglers to help buyers "get on the card" is "deck", and it has formed a "professional" operation. Through their own channels, these illegal car dealers first find the regular vehicles with the same model and color as the smuggling vehicles, and then according to the real information of the regular vehicles, transform the identification code, frame number and engine number of the smuggling vehicles into the same as the legal vehicles, and forge a set of identical documents at the same time. This is the most common method of licensing the smuggling vehicles.

　　"Others directly set the license plates of the same model bought by their relatives and friends. They are separated by two places, and each driving their own car does not interfere with each other, and it is even more difficult to be found." The traffic police pointed out that the deck car is definitely not transferable. Of course, there is also a wonderful way to set up a deck, let the owner report the loss of a set of driving license, and then change the frame number and engine number of the smuggled car to the same as the legal car under his name. In this way, it can be used in different parts of the country with less money. Some car smugglers will find various underground channels to handle legal temporary license plates, which is also a relatively more "safe" deck method. Although there are many ways for smugglers to deck cars, the traffic police pointed out that the risk of deck cars is very high, and once they are found, they will directly detain them. "No matter how realistic the fake license and number plate are, they can be easily identified." According to China’s traffic laws and regulations, vehicles that use forged license plates will be detained without relevant formal and legal procedures, and those involved will be fined less than 5,000 yuan.

　　[Tip] Don’t get carried away by the cheap.

　　The price of smuggling cars is very low, but don’t be carried away by the cheapness. Mr. Liu, a local second-hand car practitioner, told the reporter that smuggling cars is not only illegal on the road, but also risky from its source. It is reported that at present, the sources of smuggling cars are not only domestic used cars eliminated in European and American markets, but also foreign stolen vehicles, scrapped or smuggled parts assembled vehicles. Many of these smuggled cars are accident cars and scrapped cars. After dismantling the flying roof and reassembling the paint, the appearance looks bright and beautiful, but the vehicles can’t meet the safety standards originally designed. In addition, due to the different sales areas, the condition of smuggled cars may not be suitable for domestic use. For example, some smuggled cars are equipped with a temperature protection device for their engines in cold areas. Once such vehicles are used in the south of China, the engines will frequently stall and cannot be used normally. Moreover, domestic oil products and road conditions are also easy to make smugglers "acclimatized" and cause endless troubles to car owners in maintenance.

　　[Case link] More than 3 million Bentley 620,000 bought?

　　Recently, a post-90s boy in Hunan bought a Bentley car worth more than 3 million yuan "smoothly" for only 620,000 yuan, and happily drove home in a luxury car. However, on the afternoon of December 14th, the young man and his Bentley were stopped by the traffic police at Xiaotang Toll Station of Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway. When the traffic police checked Bentley’s driving license and license plate, they found that all of them were forged and the license plate was also a deck. The young man told the traffic police that this Bentley was purchased after he saw the barrage advertisement on a website. Although he once suspected that the vehicle was not quite right, he found a so-called friend to help him check and said that there was nothing wrong with the car. Now this Bentley has been seized by the local traffic police and is suspected to be a parallel deck car. The young man’s car purchase of 620,000 yuan is a waste of water. Although it is really undesirable to be so greedy and cheap, there are quite a few similar cases, and there are different ways to buy them. "The Porsche I bought is basically used in my hometown and countryside. As long as it is not illegal, it has never been checked. If I need to drive a long distance or drive in a big city, I will still drive the car bought through formal channels. " Mr. Kong Kong of Guangxi, who is doing business in Guangzhou, told reporters that he bought two smuggling cars. A year ago, I spent 350,000 yuan to buy a smuggled Land Rover. After my fresh addiction, I recently contacted the same used car company. After selling Land Rover for 400,000 yuan, I spent 300,000 yuan to buy a Porsche Cayenne, which was enough for luxury car addiction.

　　CCTV News:On January 29th, WeChat official account, the Emergency Management Department, announced a batch of "going through the motions" law enforcement cases of safety production training.

　　Since 2021, the Emergency Management Department has deployed a nationwide "going through the motions" special rectification of safety production training in order to resolutely control outstanding problems such as formal safety production training, lax examination control and even suspected cheating in examinations, prevent and reduce production safety accidents, and effectively protect people’s lives and property. At present, various localities have successively investigated and dealt with a number of "going through the motions" law enforcement cases of safety production training, which are now announced, further urging examination institutions (examination points), training institutions and production and business units to strictly implement the responsibility of training and examination, making efforts to improve the quality of training and examination, and effectively improving the safety quality and skills of employees.

　　First, for the examination institutions (examination points) law enforcement cases

　　Case 1: Cheating at the safety production examination point in Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province

　　On June 9, 2022, the People’s Court of Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province held a public hearing to hear a case of illegally controlling the computer information system in the examination room. On January 17th, 2021, during a special operation theory examination organized by Shaoxing Traffic Vocational School (safety production examination point) in Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City, invigilators found that some computer seats in the examination had abnormal "automatic" answers. After investigation by Shaoxing Emergency Management Bureau, Zhejiang Province, it was found that it was an illegal act to organize cheating in the examination for remote control of the examination room information system. Shaoxing City Emergency Management Bureau revoked the authorization of the examination point to undertake the qualification examination for special operations in accordance with relevant regulations, and at the same time transferred the relevant clues to the public security organs for investigation. According to the investigation by the public security organs, the gang headed by Wei Mou recruited students in the form of promising to "package" the special operations exam in the name of training institutions, actually took advantage of the loophole of the computer connection to the Internet in the examination room, installed the software of remote control computer information system on the computer in the examination room privately, and organized "gunmen" outside the examination room to cheat for the candidates through the remote control system. Twelve people, including Wei Mou, organized at least 300 candidates to cheat in three special operation theory exams from December 2020 to January 2021 by illegally remotely controlling the computer information system of the examination room, and made an illegal profit of about 270,000 yuan. After the court heard it,The actions of 12 defendants, including Wei, have violated the crime of illegally controlling computer information systems. The first trial was sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment ranging from 10 months to 6 years and 6 months, and fined from 2,000 yuan to 40,000 yuan.

　　Case 2: The case of canceling the examination commission at the examination point of a training center of an electric power company in Baoding, Hebei Province.

　　On July 12, 2022, when the Emergency Management Bureau of Baoding City, Hebei Province supervised and inspected the safety theoretical knowledge examination point of a training center of an electric power company, it was found that the examination point had no independent legal person qualification, the theoretical examination function overlapped with safety training, and the examination and training were not divided, which did not meet the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 5, of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Safety Production Qualification Examination and Certificate and the acceptance criteria for the construction project of special operation examination points in Hebei Province. Baoding City Emergency Management Bureau made a decision to revoke the entrustment of the examination point to undertake the qualification examination for special operations in accordance with relevant regulations.

　　Case 3: The rectification case of a senior technical school in Haikou City, Hainan Province.

　　On May 17th, 2022, when the Emergency Management Department of Hainan Province and Haikou Emergency Management Bureau conducted a "go-through" special inspection of safety production training at an examination point of a senior technical school, it was found that there were the following violations: 1. The management system of safety production examination was not perfect, and there was a lack of assessment system; 2. Some facilities in the practical examination room for special operations do not meet the requirements for the construction of examination points, the site is not equipped with fire fighting equipment as required, and the hanging basket operation at heights lacks lifting steel ropes and safety belts; 3. The arrangement of candidates’ files is not standardized, the separation of examination and training is not strictly implemented, and the examination files and training files are mixed; 4. Some exam monitoring videos are missing. A random inspection of the exam files in March 2021 found that there was a lack of full-course monitoring videos, and the exam monitoring videos in September 2021 could not be opened. The above behavior does not conform to the provisions of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Safety Production Qualification Examination and Certificate on the construction standards of examination points, and Haikou City Emergency Management Bureau ordered the examination points to stop for rectification.

　　Second, law enforcement cases against training institutions

　　Case 4: Administrative punishment case of a vocational training school in Kunming, Yunnan Province

　　On June 28th, 2022, when the Emergency Management Bureau of Kunming City, Yunnan Province conducted an extended investigation on the telephone report of a vocational training school, it was found that it was suspected of falsifying the training archives. After investigation, it was found that the institution had the following illegal acts: 1. The teaching and training were not organized according to the training syllabus, and 158 special operation students in seven sessions were randomly selected, and the practical training hours only reached 10% ~ 40% of the required hours of the syllabus; 2. Issued false Work Safety Training Attendance Sheet and Time Certificate for 158 students. The above acts violate the provisions of Article 6 of the Measures for the Administration of Work Safety Training and Paragraph 2 of Article 41 of the Regulations on Work Safety in Yunnan Province. Kunming Emergency Management Bureau ordered the institution to make corrections within a time limit and imposed a fine of RMB 64,000, a fine of RMB 22,000 for the person in charge of the institution, and a fine of RMB 24,000 for Xu Moubing, an administrator of the institution, in accordance with Article 34, paragraph 2 of the Measures for the Administration of Work Safety Training and Article 55, paragraph 2 of the Regulations on Work Safety in Yunnan Province.

　　Case 5: Administrative penalty case of an information technology service company in Xi ‘an, Shaanxi Province.

　　On May 24th, 2022, when the Emergency Management Bureau of Xincheng District, Xi ‘an City, Shaanxi Province supervised and inspected an information technology service company, it was found that there were the following illegal acts: 1. Some practical training teachers for special jobs had no practical work experience in this field; 2. The teaching place is not equipped with enough fire fighting equipment, and there is only one fire extinguisher. The above acts violated the provisions of Article 5 of the Measures for the Administration of Safety Production Training, and the Emergency Management Bureau of Xincheng District ordered the institution to make corrections within a time limit. On June 21st, 2022, when Xi ‘an Emergency Management Bureau of Shaanxi Province and Xincheng Emergency Management Bureau carried out rectification and review of the institution, it was found that the existing problems were not corrected within the time limit, and at the same time, it was found that the institution still had the problem of incomplete and irregular training files. In the sixth high-voltage electrician training course in 2022, some students’ theoretical training time records were missing, and some students’ theoretical training time records did not match the time certificates. The above acts violate the provisions of Articles 5 and 15 of the Measures for the Administration of Safety Production Training. The Emergency Management Bureau of Xincheng District imposed an administrative penalty of RMB 30,000 on this institution according to the provisions of Item 1 and Item 3 of Article 34 of the Measures for the Administration of Safety Production Training.

　　Case 6: Illegal training in a vocational training school in Quanzhou, Fujian Province.

　　On July 21, 2022, when Fujian Provincial Emergency Management Department and Quanzhou Emergency Management Bureau conducted a special inspection of safety production training in a vocational training school, they found that there were the following illegal acts: 1. The training management systems such as student assessment, training registration, file management, process control and fund management were not perfect, and the corresponding work accounts were not established; 2. The training plan and teaching training are not formulated strictly according to the hours and contents required by the training syllabus, and the training hours are seriously insufficient; 3. The training files are not standardized and complete, and the file management is chaotic. The above acts violate the provisions of Articles 6 and 15 of the Measures for the Administration of Safety Production Training. Because the training institution could not meet the rectification requirements, Quanzhou Emergency Management Bureau removed it from the list of Quanzhou safety production training institutions in accordance with relevant regulations.

　　Three, for the production and business units of law enforcement cases

　　Case 7: The main person in charge of a high-tech carbon material company in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province failed to perform the duties of safety production education and training.

　　On May 18, 2022, when the Emergency Management Bureau of Dongtai City, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province conducted a law enforcement inspection of Gaoxin Charcoal Co., Ltd., it was found that Wang, the main person in charge of the company, did not organize the formulation and implementation of the safety production education and training plan for the unit in 2022, and did not provide safety production education and training for employees, which violated the provisions of Article 21, paragraph 3, and Article 28, paragraph 1 of the Safety Production Law. Dongtai City Emergency Management Bureau imposed an administrative penalty of RMB 18,000 on the company according to the provisions of Item 3 of Article 97 of the Safety Production Law. According to the first paragraph of Article 94 of the Safety Production Law, Wang, the main person in charge of the company, was given an administrative penalty of RMB 24,500.

　　Case 8: A case in which a special operator of a building materials company in Yangqu County, Shanxi Province holds a false certificate to work.

　　On May 13th, 2022, when the Emergency Management Bureau of Yangqu County inspected a building materials company, it was found that the special operation certificates held by welder Zhang Moumou and low-voltage electrician Liu Moumou were purchased false certificates, which violated the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 30 of the Safety Production Law. Yangqu County Emergency Management Bureau ordered the company to make corrections within a time limit and imposed a fine of RMB30,000 according to Item 7 of Article 97 of the Safety Production Law. Zhang Moumou and Liu were given a warning and fined RMB 1000 yuan in accordance with the first paragraph of Article 41 of the Management Regulations on Safety Technical Training and Assessment for Special Operators. The Yangqu County Emergency Management Bureau transferred the clues about the case to the Yangqu County Public Security Bureau.

　　Case 9: The case of a special operation operator of a mining machinery manufacturing company in Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region working without a license.

　　On June 6, 2022, Yinchuan Emergency Management Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region conducted a surprise inspection on the clamp welding workshop of a mining machinery manufacturing company according to the clues reported by the masses. It was verified on the spot that three welders who were working did not go to work after receiving special safety operation training and obtaining a special operation certificate. This behavior violates the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 30 of the Safety Production Law. Yinchuan City Emergency Management Bureau ordered the company to make corrections within a time limit and imposed a fine of 90,000 yuan according to Item 7 of Article 97 of the Safety Production Law.

　　Case 10: Administrative penalty case of a natural gas company in Guang ‘an City, Sichuan Province.

　　On April 19, 2022, when the emergency management bureau of Guang ‘an City, Sichuan Province carried out law enforcement inspection on a natural gas company, it found that the company had the following illegal acts: 1. Failing to record the education and training of safety production truthfully; 2. The company’s education and training plan was not implemented. In 2022, the company’s annual training schedule stipulated that training on road transport laws and regulations, typical cases, storage and loading and unloading of hazardous chemicals should be carried out in February, but no corresponding training was actually carried out; 3. Some new employees did not pass the training examination before taking up their posts. Spot checks found that some new employees did not reach the qualified score in the training examination and did not re-conduct education, training and examination, so they entered the production post. The company’s behavior violates the provisions of the first and fourth paragraphs of Article 28 of the Safety Production Law. Guang ‘an City Emergency Management Bureau ordered the company to make corrections within a time limit and imposed a fine of 80,000 yuan according to the provisions of Item 3 and Item 4 of Article 97 of the Law on Work Safety.

　　Yangcheng Evening News reporter Yu Yanhong Lin Qingqing correspondent Guangdong CDC

　　"Have you been vaccinated?" Recently, with the increase in the number of people vaccinated in COVID-19, this sentence has become a topic for many citizens after dinner. At the same time, with the increasing willingness of citizens to vaccinate, many citizens will ask: What is the difference between inactivated vaccine and attenuated vaccine? Inactivated vaccine needs two shots. Can I inoculate COVID-19 vaccine produced by different manufacturers before and after? The provincial and municipal centers for disease control and prevention have given authoritative answers to the vaccination problems in COVID-19 that citizens are concerned about.

　　About vaccines:

　　Q: What kinds of vaccines are there in COVID-19 at present? Which is the best?

　　At present, there are hundreds of research and development units of COVID-19 vaccine in the world, and there are eight kinds of COVID-19 vaccine under development: inactivated vaccine, attenuated live vaccine, replicated vector vaccine, non-replicated vector vaccine, DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, protein subunit vaccine and virus-like particle vaccine. In China, it mainly focuses on five technical routes: inactivated vaccine, adenovirus vector vaccine, recombinant protein vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine (including RNA vaccine and DNA vaccine) and attenuated influenza virus vector vaccine.

　　We can’t simply say which technical route is better, but we must comprehensively consider its safety, effectiveness, accessibility and affordability. This is the scientific evaluation of a vaccine.

　　Considering the current epidemic prevention needs, as long as it is for the purpose of disease prevention, any process of vaccine is acceptable for non-contraindication people.

　　Q: At present, the epidemic situation in China is generally stable. Is it necessary to vaccinate COVID-19?

　　Vaccine is one of the most effective and economical means to prevent infectious diseases. Although the current domestic epidemic situation is generally stable, we are still facing the pressure of local rebound caused by the import of overseas epidemic situation. Therefore, vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine can make you immune to Covid-19, and the beneficiaries are the first.

　　Secondly, when the vaccination rate of our population reaches a high level, that is to say, most people are immune to Covid-19, an immune barrier against Covid-19 will be established, which can effectively prevent the spread of the virus in the population, thus ending the epidemic. Therefore, it is recommended that people who meet the vaccination conditions benefit from early fight!

　　Q: What is not suitable for COVID-19 vaccination?

　　Covid-19 vaccine cannot be vaccinated in any of the following circumstances: those who are allergic to the vaccine or vaccine ingredients; Suffering from acute diseases; In the acute episode of chronic diseases; Those who are suffering from fever; Pregnant women; Suffering from diseases that cannot be vaccinated by doctors, etc., the specific instructions of the vaccine shall prevail.

　　Q: How many shots does COVID-19 vaccine need? How long is the interval? Can I replant if I miss the inoculation time of the second dose?

　　At present, Covid-19 inactivated vaccine used in Guangdong needs to be inoculated twice in the whole process, and it is recommended that the interval between two doses should not be less than 28 days. The recipients who need to complete the whole vaccination as soon as possible due to going abroad or working in high-risk areas should follow the principle of informed consent, and can be vaccinated with 2 doses of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19 at the shortest time interval not less than that specified in the vaccine instructions.

　　At present, there is a lack of clinical research data on different immunization procedures of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19, so it is not yet possible to determine the maximum interval between two doses of vaccine. However, referring to the vaccination experience of other vaccines, if patients have not completed the whole vaccination, they should start vaccination as soon as possible or make up the corresponding dose.

　　Q: Can two different COVID-19 vaccines be exchanged?

　　At present, there is no evidence that different manufacturers or different kinds of Covid-19 vaccines can replace vaccination. It is suggested that the same vaccine from the same manufacturer should be used to complete the vaccination at this stage.

　　Q: Can COVID-19 vaccine be inoculated with other vaccines such as HPV vaccine, influenza vaccine and rabies vaccine?

　　As a new member of the vaccine family, COVID-19 vaccine is recommended to be vaccinated separately from other vaccines and at least two weeks apart from other vaccines, so as to minimize unexpected interaction, and at the same time, it is necessary to closely observe the reaction after vaccination. If people exposed to rabies need rabies vaccine, rabies vaccine should be given priority.

　　Vaccine effect:

　　Q: What is the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine?

　　First of all, only vaccines with up-to-standard safety and effectiveness can be approved by the state drug regulatory authorities for listing; Secondly, before entering the market, each batch of vaccines needs to obtain a batch issuance certificate from the national drug regulatory authorities; The process of batch issuance is another test of the safety and effectiveness of this batch of vaccines; Finally, at present, China has vaccinated more than 80 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine, and the continuous monitoring results have proved that the vaccine is safe and effective.

　　Q: Do I still need to wear a mask after COVID-19 vaccination?

　　Before the population immune barrier is established, even if some people are vaccinated, everyone’s awareness of prevention and control and prevention measures cannot be relaxed. On the one hand, the success rate of vaccine immunization is not 100%, and a small number of vaccinated people may get sick during the epidemic period. On the other hand, in the absence of an immune barrier, Covid-19 is still easy to spread. Therefore, to prevent Covid-19 infection, we can’t put all our money on vaccines. We still need to keep in mind the three-piece set of epidemic prevention: wearing a mask, social distance and personal hygiene.

　　Q: Do I need to do nucleic acid testing after COVID-19 vaccination?

　　Vaccination can reduce the risk of infection to a certain extent, but the protective effect of any vaccine can not reach 100%. If necessary, we should still cooperate with relevant departments to carry out nucleic acid testing.

　　Q: What should I do if the serum antibody is positive at the entry-exit inspection after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine?

　　If the subject has been vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine two weeks ago, it may lead to antibody IgG and IgM positive. If the test result of serum antibody is positive, and other test results such as Covid-19 nucleic acid test are negative, COVID-19 vaccination certificate can be produced for the relevant institutions to identify and judge.

　　Q: Will virus mutation have an impact on vaccine protection?

　　The proliferation of viruses depends on living cells, and in this process, mutation is a normal phenomenon. From the current global research on Covid-19 mutation, there is no evidence that Covid-19 mutation will invalidate the existing COVID-19 vaccine. On January 2nd, 2021, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention found the mutant strain B.1.1.7 in a throat swab sample of a confirmed case imported from Britain to COVID-19, which has stronger transmission power, but the patient’s symptoms, severity rate and fatality rate have remained basically unchanged, and the vaccine currently developed is still effective. Many institutions, such as the World Health Organization, are paying close attention to and studying the variation in Covid-19, providing early warning and scientific analysis basis for the follow-up vaccine development and application.　　

　　adverse effect　　

　　Q: What adverse reactions may occur after vaccination?

　　At present, the inactivated Covid-19 vaccine being used in China has good safety. Common general reactions such as acid swelling, redness, pain and itching at the inoculation site; A very small number of people may have fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, muscle aches, etc. due to individual differences, and generally do not need to be treated, and most of them can recover on their own after 2-3 days.

　　Vaccines may induce allergic reactions in individuals, which is one of the characteristics of the vaccine itself, and does not mean that there are problems with the quality and safety of the vaccine itself.

　　Anaphylactic shock caused by vaccination (usually within 30 minutes after vaccination), or urticaria, allergic purpura, high fever, shock and other serious health conditions after the recipient leaves the vaccination site, you need to see a doctor immediately, and inform the doctor of the vaccination history and report to the vaccination unit at the same time.

"Plague Company" is a simulation game that simulates the spread of diseases. Among them, the most difficult natural disaster is very difficult for human beings, so it is very difficult. As for the solution, let’s take a look at the fungal gameplay strategy of natural disasters, hoping to help everyone.

Fungi are difficult to spread in the game, especially in air and water, and because of the special ability of fungi, Shendao can go up quickly, so water transmission is not considered in this strategy, and air transmission and bird transmission are mainly used. Not much to say, the selection of gene fragments for starting the game is as follows

The selection of genes for rapid metabolism and stagnation cost is mainly due to the special ability of fungi, which can quickly accumulate a large amount of DNA； during the first and second outbreaks; Repression and extreme microorganisms are for the spread of fungi; Simulating genetic genes can slow down the development of antidotes.

Difficulty selection natural disaster

Still Arabia.

Two spores broke out at the beginning.

These two outbreaks can accelerate the spread, preferably in South America and North America, which can alleviate the difficulty of later transmission, and then start to take the disease, first take the skin line to the skin damage.

Click here and point out Bird 1 and Empty 1 in turn.

When Asia spreads a part,

Point out gangrene and drug resistance 1, then save enough points to prepare for the first outbreak.

When DNA is enough, cold resistance 1 and heat resistance 1 are selected for the first explosion.

Point out that brain death and drug resistance 2 accelerate the spread

When most of the world spreads (optimistic about national data, when the number of uninfected countries is small)

Point out cold resistance 2, heat resistance 2, and strengthen the environment for the second explosion.

At this time, all countries in the world have been infected, and the symptoms point to total organ failure (I have a slow transmission speed in Canada, so I point out mouse transmission)

At this point, the antidote should start to explode. Use the DNA brought by high lethality to point out the symptoms of nerve lines, and use nerve lines to suppress the antidote, while continuing to increase lethality.

The remaining points can continue to press the antidote, so the game will end easily.

This strategy is very suitable for both the mobile phone version and the computer version, which is more suitable for budding new players and has a high score.

March is in the early spring, the weather is changeable, sometimes cold and sometimes warm, and the temperature difference between day and night is large. All kinds of respiratory infectious diseases are still in the high-risk season. After the Spring Festival, all kinds of schools have started school one after another, with frequent personnel flow and contact, and at the same time, the temperature has risen, the number of people going out for an outing and traveling has gradually increased, and the chances of infection of various infectious diseases have increased. Xi ‘an CDC reminds the general public to take precautions against Covid-19 infection, influenza and other respiratory infectious diseases and norovirus-infected diarrhea, and to do personal protection when going out for an outing and traveling, so as to travel safely and healthily.

Prevention of novel coronavirus infection

At present, COVID-19 infection in Xi ‘an is still at a low epidemic level. As a popular tourist city, Xi ‘an has a large number of foreign tourists, and the gathering of people provides favorable conditions for the spread of the virus. The general public should be the first person responsible for their own health, maintain good personal hygiene habits and prepare necessary protective equipment.

Health tips

1. Do a good job of personal protection. Wear a mask scientifically, keep a social distance, and wash your hands frequently, often ventilate and gather less. Open windows regularly at home and workplace for ventilation, and do a good job in daily hygiene of the room. When taking public transportation such as airplanes, high-speed trains, trains and air-conditioned buses, you should wear masks and keep your hands clean.

2. Daily health monitoring. Pay close attention to your family and your own health every day. When you have symptoms of Covid-19 infection, such as fever, cough, fatigue, sore throat and decreased sense of smell and taste, try to reduce your outdoor activities as much as possible, avoid going to school or work with illness, and go to a fever clinic in a nearby hospital as appropriate.

3. Actively vaccinate. XBB mutant in Covid-19 is currently the main epidemic strain in China. It is suggested that the elderly aged 60 and above or the key population aged 18-59 with serious basic diseases, people with low immune function and people with high risk of infection should be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine according to conditions, and COVID-19 vaccine containing antigen components of XBB mutant should be given priority.

4. Enhance your own immunity. Improving one’s own immunity is an important means to prevent various diseases. Please keep regular work and rest, exercise properly, eat properly, maintain a good attitude and adhere to a healthy and civilized lifestyle.

Prevent influenza

Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which has the characteristics of short incubation period, strong infectivity and rapid spread. It is mainly spread through droplets in the air, and may also spread through close contact between people. Clinically, it is mainly manifested as high fever, headache, limb pain, fatigue and upper respiratory symptoms accompanied by runny nose and cough. People are generally susceptible and have certain immunity after illness. March is still in the flu season, so the general public should pay attention to protection and avoid infection.

Health tips

1. Develop good personal hygiene habits. When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with paper towels and towels. Wash your hands before and after meals and after touching dirty things, and try to avoid dirty hands touching your mouth, eyes and nose.

2. Open the window regularly and ventilate several times every day to keep the indoor air fresh. During the peak epidemic period, people should avoid going to crowded places. If there are related symptoms, they should seek medical advice in time, stay at home as much as possible, and go to work without illness to reduce the spread of the disease.

3. Vaccination against influenza is one of the most economical and effective prevention and control measures to prevent influenza and reduce the burden of influenza disease. Anyone over 6 months old who is willing to vaccinate and has no contraindications can voluntarily vaccinate against influenza at his own expense.

Prevention of other respiratory infectious diseases in spring

Respiratory infectious diseases are infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma and other pathogens, which are mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract. The weather in spring is changeable, the temperature difference between morning and evening is large, and the immunity of human body is relatively low, which is particularly vulnerable to the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and causes respiratory diseases. Besides COVID-19 and influenza, common respiratory infectious diseases in spring include mumps, chickenpox, measles, rubella and scarlet fever. Different respiratory infectious diseases have different clinical manifestations, mainly including fever, sore throat, headache, cough, expectoration, rash and fatigue. Collective units such as kindergartens, schools and nursing homes are at greater risk of cluster cases, which need to be paid attention to.

Health tips

Although the clinical manifestations are different, the modes of transmission of respiratory infectious diseases are mainly through air and contact, so the methods to prevent various respiratory infectious diseases are also common, including the following measures:

1. Maintain good personal and environmental hygiene, wash your hands frequently and pay attention to indoor ventilation and cleanliness. Drink more boiled water, strengthen outdoor physical exercise and improve your immunity.

2. During the peak epidemic period, people should avoid going to crowded places, and wear masks in public places such as hospitals, subways, buses and shopping malls to avoid excessive fatigue and catching cold. When coughing or sneezing, you should cover your mouth and nose with handkerchiefs and paper towels to avoid the spread of droplets. If you have related symptoms, you should seek medical attention in time, reduce contact with others and try to rest at home.

3. Schools and kindergartens should focus on preventing respiratory cluster cases or outbreaks, and strictly implement prevention and control measures such as morning and afternoon check-up, missing classes due to illness, ventilation and disinfection, etc. Once a cluster epidemic occurs, it should be reported to the health and education departments in a timely manner.

4. Vaccination is a very effective protective means to prevent all kinds of respiratory infectious diseases. For infectious diseases with vaccine prevention, such as measles, chickenpox and mumps, children, the elderly and other susceptible groups should be vaccinated in time and in the whole process according to the relevant vaccination requirements.

Prevention of Norovirus Infectious Diarrhea

Norovirus is a common pathogen that causes cluster diarrhea/acute gastroenteritis in schools and kindergartens. The main symptoms are vomiting in children and diarrhea in adults. Norovirus spreads in various ways, mainly through ingestion of food or water contaminated by feces or vomit, contact with patients’ feces or vomit, inhalation of aerosol generated during vomiting, and indirect contact with articles and environment contaminated by feces or vomit. At the beginning of the school season, norovirus infection has entered a period of high incidence, so schools and kindergartens should focus on it and take protective measures.

Health tips

1. Maintaining good hand hygiene is the most important and effective measure to prevent norovirus infection and control the spread of norovirus. Wash your hands carefully with soap and running water for at least 30 seconds before and after meals. It should be noted that sterilized paper towels and washless hand sanitizers cannot replace hand washing.

2. Pay attention to the hygiene of drinking water and maintain good eating habits. Wash fruits and vegetables carefully, cook food correctly, and avoid eating cold and unclean food, especially those with high risk of norovirus infection such as shellfish and seafood, which should be thoroughly cooked. Do not drink raw water, drinking utensils should be disinfected regularly to ensure drinking water hygiene.

3. Patients with norovirus gastroenteritis should be isolated at home until 2 days after the symptoms completely disappear, so as to avoid infecting others. If family members are infected with norovirus, patients should use their own utensils and daily necessities, try not to have close contact with their families, and pay special attention not to make food or take care of the elderly and infants.

4. In case of Norovirus clustering epidemic, emergency response should be done well, focusing on standardized disposal of patients’ feces and vomit, and strict disinfection should be carried out on the surfaces of environmental objects, daily necessities, food processing tools and drinking water contaminated by patients’ vomit, feces and other pollutants.

5. Nursery institutions, schools and other collective units should strengthen the safety management of food and drinking water, and those who suffer from gastrointestinal discomfort such as diarrhea and vomiting in food practitioners should temporarily leave their posts. Do a good job in class morning and afternoon check-up and registration of absence due to illness. Once children and students are found to have symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, they should be sent to the hospital for treatment and report to the local health and education departments in time.

Pay attention to safety when traveling in spring

In March, the temperature rose, spring blossomed, everything recovered, and it was the right time to travel. The general public should pay attention to personal protection when going out to play, to prevent allergic rhinitis, asthma and food poisoning caused by pollen allergy, and to prevent accidental injuries.

Health tips

1. Before going out, you should know the weather and road information in advance, change clothes in time according to climate change, avoid going out in bad weather, improve personal safety awareness, pay attention to traffic safety and prevent accidental injuries.

2. Don’t pick, buy, process and eat wild vegetables, wild fruits and fungi that are unfamiliar or of unknown origin when going out for an outing.

3. Pay attention to food safety, do not eat incompletely cooked food, and do not drink unclean raw water. When eating out, you must pay attention to choosing a regular restaurant or restaurant with good sanitary conditions.

4. People with allergic history should go to places with lush flowers and trees as little as possible, and don’t touch wild flowers and plants casually. When going out for an outing, it is best to bring anti-allergic drugs, wear hats, masks and long-sleeved clothes, try to avoid direct contact with pollen, and seek medical advice in time if you feel unwell.

Spring is the season of high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases.

It’s the turn of winter and spring.

Repeated climate change

In addition, there are more population movements.

In places where people are relatively concentrated

It is easy to cause the spread of respiratory infectious diseases

Remind family and friends to take precautions.

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Prevention of virus infection and influenza … The latest tips for Xi ‘an disease control Shaanxi Net Touch to read the original.

Shaanxi Net Zan Sharing is reading and writing a message, sliding up to see the next one.

Original title: "Prevention of virus infection and influenza … The latest tips for disease control in Xi ‘an"

Read the original text

Moderator: Hello, everyone. Welcome to the People’s Daily Health Video Program. I’m Wen Yan, the host.

In recent years, with the social development, environmental changes and changes in people’s lifestyles, the incidence of digestive tract diseases is increasing. It is reported that among all tumor diseases, digestive tract tumors cover the widest range, including gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer and pancreatic cancer. Tumors of digestive tract system account for about 40% of the total tumor incidence, and patients who die of digestive tract cancer account for nearly half of all tumor patients every year. Digestive tract tumor has a high incidence rate, high mortality rate and the trend of rejuvenation, which has become a disease that affects and threatens the health of citizens. Today, we invited Chu Wen, director of the Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Hongyitang Hospital, to talk with us about related topics.

Moderator: Hello, Director Chu!

Early literature:Good host, good friends!

Moderator: Excuse me, Director Chu, why are there so many people suffering from digestive tract tumors? What is the reason for the trend of rejuvenation in recent years?

Early literature:Clinically, we call digestive system cancers such as colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and esophageal cancer "eating" cancer. Why is it called "eating" cancer? Mainly because the occurrence of these tumors is closely related to diet and living habits. In addition to family genetic history, eating smoked, pickled and fried foods, and high-salt diet are all important factors that cause cancer.

Especially now, patients with digestive tract tumors are younger, because most young people like to stay up late for a long time, drink too much, and eat irregularly. These bad living habits may lead to gastrointestinal diseases, which may seriously lead to tumors; Not only that, the pressure of work, family and society may do harm to young people’s health, but it is not easy to be detected.

Moderator: Why do many patients find out that they are in the middle and late stages?

Early literature:Most digestive tract cancers, such as patients with gastric cancer and intestinal cancer, have no obvious feelings in the early stage and are easily overlooked. As long as the discomfort can be tolerated, they don’t care too much. The clinical symptoms of early gastric cancer are no different from those of benign diseases such as gastritis and gastric ulcer. In addition, once the stomach is uncomfortable, many people often carry it hard or buy medicine themselves to relieve the discomfort symptoms, which often delays the illness and treatment. Therefore, in order to find it as early as possible, on the one hand, we should pay attention to the abnormal signals sent by the body, on the other hand, we should go to the hospital for gastrointestinal endoscopy in time.

Moderator: Then how should we change the status quo and improve the cure rate and survival rate of digestive tract tumors?

Early literature:The main thing is to do "early screening and early investigation". Whether it is gastric cancer or colorectal cancer, the process of its occurrence and development is a multi-stage slow process, which usually takes 10-15 years. For example, gastric cancer, from common gastropathy to gastric cancer, will go through four stages: from chronic superficial gastritis to chronic atrophic gastritis, to intestinal metaplasia, heterosexual hyperplasia, and finally to gastric cancer.

However, most digestive tract cancers can be found, diagnosed and treated in the early stage and precancerous stage, from normal to precancerous stage, from early stage to middle and late stage. It should be said that our treatment window is also very clear. If the digestive tract tumor reaches the middle and late stage, the median survival time is about 18 months, even if immunotherapy and chemotherapy are combined. It can be seen that early detection and treatment are very important for digestive tract tumors.

Moderator: What are the general screening methods for digestive system tumors?

Early literature:For screening methods of digestive system tumors, a large number of practices have proved that gastrointestinal endoscopy is an effective means for early screening of digestive system tumors. If it can be found early, it can get good therapeutic effect. The five-year survival rate of early gastric cancer can reach 95%, and the five-year survival rate of early colorectal cancer can reach more than 90%. Even the pancreatic cancer, the king of cancer, can reach 86% if it can be found early. Therefore, it is suggested that people over 40 years old should have regular gastroscopy and people over 45 years old should have regular colonoscopy. Early examination and early treatment will lead to better prognosis.

Moderator: Many people around us will have some problems of indigestion and stomach discomfort, so which stomach diseases are easy to develop into gastric cancer?

Early literature:At present, the common precancerous lesions mainly include gastric ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric polyp and other diseases. If we find that these diseases are not actively treated and we don’t pay attention to our diet, it is possible to induce gastric cancer. If it exists for more than three to five years, the probability of developing gastric cancer is very high. In addition, Helicobacter pylori infection is a clear risk factor for gastric cancer.

Moderator: Actually, many people still don’t know much about Helicobacter pylori, so what is Helicobacter pylori?

Early literature:Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a spiral, slightly anaerobic bacterium with strict requirements on growth conditions. It was successfully isolated from the biopsy tissue of gastric mucosa of patients with chronic active gastritis for the first time in 1983, and it is the only microorganism species that can survive in human stomach at present. Helicobacter pylori is considered as a class I carcinogen, which can cause a variety of stomach diseases, including gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer and so on. Therefore, timely detection and eradication of Helicobacter pylori has become an important measure for the treatment of digestive tract diseases.

Moderator: So how is Helicobacter pylori infected?

Early literature:Helicobacter pylori is highly contagious, mainly through oral transmission and fecal transmission. It is related to bad diet and hygiene habits, such as eating unclean food or drinking unclean water; Long-term close contact with infected people, contact with saliva, body fluids, vomit or feces of infected people, eating without washing hands, direct mouth-to-mouth feeding, etc. If one person in the family is infected, it will easily cause infection in the whole family. Prevention of helicobacter pylori infection is as important as prevention of digestive tract infectious diseases.

Moderator: How do you judge that you are infected with Helicobacter pylori? Is there any self-examination method that can be used for reference?

Early literature:If you find yourself with belching, halitosis and epigastric discomfort, you can go to the hospital for Helicobacter pylori testing. At present, there are two main detection methods: one is to draw blood to check the serum antibody of Helicobacter pylori, and the other is to check C13 or C14 breath test. For those individuals who have a family history of gastric cancer and have been proved to have gastric mucosal atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer, it is suggested that they must be detected and treated, and C13 or C14 breath test can be checked regularly every year.

Moderator: For gastrointestinal diseases, what kind of symptoms need to be vigilant?

Early literature:There are many manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases. The main manifestations of upper gastrointestinal tract are epigastric discomfort, pain, abdominal distension, hiccups, nausea, vomiting, etc. The main manifestations of lower gastrointestinal discomfort are abdominal pain, poor defecation, constipation, diarrhea and increased exhaust. If these alarm symptoms and signs such as unexplained emaciation, anemia, hematemesis, melena, dysphagia and abdominal mass appear, you should go to the hospital for examination in time to find out the cause.

Moderator: OK, thank you very much for sharing, and thank you for your attention. Bye!

Early literature:Goodbye!

　　Yesterday, the State Council Information Office held a press conference. Huang Libin, spokesperson of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and director of the Operation Monitoring Coordination Bureau, and Wen Ku, spokesperson and director of the Information and Communication Development Department, introduced the development of the industrial communication industry in the first quarter of 2019. In the first quarter, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in China were 304,000 and 299,000 respectively, with the growth rate of production and sales reaching 102.7% and 109.7% respectively.

　　Huang Libin revealed at the press conference of the State Council Office that it will speed up the construction of charging facilities for new energy vehicles, optimize the layout of public charging piles, and give more preferential measures for the use of new energy vehicles based on the study of special number plates. "According to the statistics of industry associations, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in China were 304,000 and 299,000 respectively in the first quarter, and the growth rate of production and sales reached 102.7% and 109.7% respectively." Huang Libin predicts that the output of new energy vehicles may exceed 1.5 million this year.

　　In addition, Huang Libin introduced that by the end of March this year, government departments at all levels and large state-owned enterprises had paid off more than 260 billion yuan in accounts owed to private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises. Among them, the central enterprises completed 72% of the progress, local governments and large state-owned enterprises completed 32% of the progress, and one-third of the provinces made more than half of the progress.

　　Text/reporter Dong Xin

　　CCTV News: The National Health and Wellness Commission reported yesterday (May 10th) that as of May 9th, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps had reported 324.307 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine.

　　Look at the vaccination situation in Beijing. As of 9: 00 yesterday, Beijing had received 26,618,200 doses of COVID-19 vaccine and 14,935,400 people, of whom 11,682,800 people had completed two doses of vaccine, and the vaccination rate of people aged 18 and over reached 76.71%.

　　Among them, 1,841,200 people aged 60 and above were vaccinated, the first dose vaccination rate was 49.59%, and 2,767 people aged 90 and above were vaccinated. The largest vaccinator was over 100 years old. The vaccination rate of medical and health care, housing construction, urban management, postal express, tourist attractions, star-rated hotels, commercial services and other systems (industries) in the city exceeds 90%.

　　Large-scale vaccination of vaccines in COVID-19 is progressing in an orderly manner throughout the country. Recently, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Dalian, Liaoning, Dazhou, Sichuan and other places have sent vaccination services to the gates of enterprises in their jurisdictions to help enterprises produce epidemic prevention.

　　In an enterprise headquarters park in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, a multifunctional performance hall with a capacity of 2,200 people became a temporary vaccination site. Pingshan District People’s Hospital optimized the inoculation process, sorted out the site divisions, and minimized the waiting time of employees in line. It is understood that at present, Pingshan People’s Hospital has set up temporary vaccination sites in more than 30 industrial parks within its jurisdiction. In the next step, the hospital will continue to dock with other enterprises and schools, and formulate organizational vaccination plans in light of each other’s needs.

　　As a national independent innovation demonstration zone and a national digital service export base, Dalian High-tech Zone in Liaoning has a foreign population of more than 1,000. On May 10th, the first batch of 200 foreigners were vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine free of charge in the High-tech Zone.

　　Since May 8th, Dachuan District People’s Hospital has carried out COVID-19 vaccination for large-scale population, and by the morning of May 10th, 10,000 people had been vaccinated. In addition, Dazhou has also established temporary vaccination sites in colleges and universities to further enhance the vaccination capacity.

Abstract: The modernization of education in China has always been a major strategic issue and strategic choice for the country’s development. The cognition and judgment of leaders in different periods on the reality of education have an important impact on the modernization of education. China’s educational modernization process has both successful experiences and mistakes. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, he has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13, 1966, according to the instructions of Mao Zedong, he made a decision with Liu Shaoqi to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities and reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd and proposed to restore the higher education examination system, which was approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. The second decision not only produced a long-term human capital dividend, but also profoundly affected the process of educational modernization in China, laying the foundation for a modern educational system.

China is a country with the largest population in the world, but also a country lacking in human capital. From the perspective of national modernization, more population has become a heavy burden of economic development, and less human capital has become an important constraint of economic development. In this sense, a large population is not necessarily a good thing, unless the population burden is transformed into human resources wealth. [1] Therefore, China should take human capital as the first capital, human resources as the first resource, and invest in people and develop human resources as its basic national policy. China’s modernization is essentially human modernization, and human modernization is essentially the continuous expansion and accumulation of human resources or human capital stock, which has become an increasingly important source of economic development and constitutes the ultimate foundation of national wealth (material wealth, social wealth, cultural wealth and ecological wealth). [1] (P.174) Leaders’ understanding of China’s basic national conditions directly affects the decision-making of human capital investment and the process of human capital accumulation, which in turn will affect the long-term dividend of human capital to China’s modernization development. From the past decades, China has also experienced a historical process of success first, then twists and turns, and then success, and gradually realized the transformation from a heavy population burden to a powerful country in human resources or human capital in the world. China has become the world’s largest number of students in higher education.

First, from a big country with illiteracy to a big country with modern education

In modern times, China is not only a laggard and latecomer of world modernization, but also a laggard and latecomer of educational modernization. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that modern education was introduced from the west and a national education system was established. By the time New China was founded in 1949, it had been about half a century. From the perspective of higher education, only 185,000 people in China had college education or above, accounting for 3.42% of the total population? . The number of college students in China is only 117,000. [2] At that time, about 80% of the people in the country were illiterate and semi-illiterate, and the average education period of the population over 15 years old was only 1.0 years, which was a big country full of illiteracy. ［3］

After the founding of New China, China began an unprecedented cultural construction, including "implementing universal education in a planned and step-by-step manner, strengthening secondary and higher education, and paying attention to technical education" [4].

By the mid-1960s, a relatively complete modern national education system had been established in China, and the level of human capital had been significantly improved. According to the data of the second national census in 1964, the illiteracy rate dropped to 32.3%, which was half as much as 80% in 1949. The population of junior college or above reached 2.875 million, 15.5 times that of 1949, with an average annual growth rate of 21.6% from 1949 to 1964. The average educational years of the population over 15 years old in China reached 2.6 years, equivalent to 2.6 times that of 1949. During 1949-1964, the average annual growth rate was 7.06%, which was much higher than the average annual growth rate of the total population (2.08%) in the same period. Even though higher education was seriously affected by the Great Leap Forward, the number of students in institutions of higher learning dropped from 962,000 in 1960 to 674,000 in 1965 [2] (P.483), which was still the first golden age for the development of modern education in China.

Although China’s modern national education, especially modern university education, has developed rapidly and achieved remarkable results, the basic national conditions of low level of human capital have not fundamentally changed. Compared with developed countries, in 1965, the average length of education of the population over 15 years old was 10 years in the United States, equivalent to 3.8 times that of China; It is 7.5 years in Japan, which is 2.9 times that of China. In particular, the population above junior college is quite scarce, accounting for only 0.416% of the total population (723 million people) in China. Proceeding from this basic national condition, it is necessary to continuously accelerate the modernization of national education, including the development of modern higher education.

Two, Mao Zedong from the reform of the education system to launch the "cultural revolution"

After 1965, Mao Zedong shifted the focus of "opposing and preventing revisionism" to how to prevent revisionism in the Communist Party of China (CPC), especially in the leading organs of the Party. [5] His judgment on academia and education has also changed. In March 1966, he said at the enlarged meeting in The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC): "Now, most universities, middle schools and primary schools are monopolized by people from the bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and rich land." [6] On May 7 of the same year, he reiterated this view in his letter to Lin Biao. Therefore, Mao Zedong’s proposal to reform the education system is not to change the backward situation of modern education, but to change "the phenomenon of bourgeois intellectuals ruling schools".

In fact, Mao Zedong had put forward the idea of reforming the education system before this. In 1964, Mao Zedong proposed that the education system should be reformed. "You don’t know the class struggle. How can you be a college graduate?" [7] According to Mao Zedong’s instructions, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on Organizing Liberal Arts Teachers and Students in Colleges and Universities to Participate in the Socialist Education Movement on September 11th of the same year.

Mao Zedong launched the "Cultural Revolution" with the educational front as an important breakthrough. On June 12th, 1966, Mao Zedong presided over the enlarged meeting of the CPC The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). When talking about the "Cultural Revolution", he said: "First seize power, criticize authority, and then engage in teaching reform and educational system reform. The central government should establish a high school and university entrance examination system by combining school recommendation and selection. " [8] On June 13th, according to Mao Zedong’s instructions and under the auspices of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued a notice, deciding to reform the entrance examination method for colleges and universities, calling the entrance examination method at that time "basically not jumping out of the bourgeois examination system", and decided to postpone the entrance examination for colleges and universities for half a year in 1966. In fact, it is to suspend classes for half a year for college students nationwide to engage in the "Cultural Revolution" movement.

On June 18th, People’s Daily published the decisions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, and published an editorial entitled "Do a good job in the cultural revolution thoroughly and reform the education system thoroughly". The editorial said: "The old entrance examination system has become a stumbling block to the cause of socialist education and the great proletarian cultural revolution." On June 27th, the Ministry of Higher Education issued a notice that the enrollment of graduate students in 1966 and 1967 was suspended. ［9］

On July 24th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on the Reform of Enrollment in Colleges and Universities. The circular pointed out that since liberation, although the methods of college entrance examination have been continuously improved, they have basically not jumped out of the bourgeois examination system. Decided to cancel the exam and adopt a combination of recommendation and selection. This became the method of university enrollment in the early 1970s.

However, once the "Cultural Revolution" is launched, it is difficult to proceed according to the wishes of the initiators and leaders, and it is often "the opposite direction". First, "suspension of classes and revolting" (June 1966), the enrollment of colleges and universities was stopped; Then there was "resumption of classes and revolting" (early 1967); Then, the workers’ propaganda team and the military propaganda team were assigned to colleges and universities to disperse the Red Guards (August 1968); Mobilizing junior and senior high school graduates to go to the countryside (December, 1968) was actually a way of forcibly mobilizing a large number of urban educated youth to go to the countryside, which led to the biggest interruption of human capital investment and accumulation since the founding of New China.

Third, the "Cultural Revolution" loss of human capital

The impact, interruption and even long-term impact of the "Cultural Revolution" on the accumulation process of high human capital (mainly refers to the population with college education or above) and medium human capital (refers to the population with secondary college education) was called "the biggest loss" by Deng Xiaoping, which delayed a generation.

The university stopped enrolling students for four years, and the number of students in the university dropped significantly (see attached table). It is conservatively estimated that during the "Cultural Revolution", if 1965 is taken as the base, tens of thousands of graduate students, 1 million college graduates and 2 million secondary school graduates were less trained nationwide. The actual number may be even larger, because the enrollment rate of universities or high schools in China is much lower than that of countries with the same income level. In 1979, after the college entrance examination was resumed for three consecutive years, the university enrollment rate in China was only 1.2%, which was only half of the average of other low-income countries and only a quarter of the average of developing countries. [10] In addition, the recruitment of overseas students was stopped for six years (from 1966 to 1971).

Secondary school education has also been severely impacted, with the number of students enrolled dropping, even stopping enrolling, and the number of students in school dropping sharply. In 1979, the total number of students in vocational and technical schools was only 1.4 million, far below the level in 1965; The number of students in vocational and technical schools accounts for 2.4% of the total number of students in all secondary schools, far below the average of 11% in developing countries. Part of the result of this situation is that in 1979, only 0.5% of the workforce received higher education, and only 0.9% received secondary technical or vocational education (many of them were teachers). ［10］（pp.92，93）

On October 22, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping met with a delegation from the Korean Central News Agency, he said that the Gang of Four had caused great damage in various fields, and the most damaged areas were education, science and technology. The destruction of education is not reading, which makes the scientific research team lack successors. [11] This is why Deng Xiaoping changed the original enrollment plan of colleges and universities and advocated the restoration of the unified examination system for college enrollment.

Fourth, Deng Xiaoping: Take the education front as the breakthrough of reform and opening up.

Deng Xiaoping promotes reform and opening up, and also chooses the education front as a breakthrough.

On the question of whether to restore the unified examination system for college enrollment, the focus of debate is whether to continue along the so-called "Cultural Revolution" or turn to the normal entrance examination practice that conforms to the laws and characteristics of modern education development. This is not only a dispute about the route, but also a dispute about the basic common sense of human capital investment, and it is also a livelihood event involving thousands of families. Only through social practice can we distinguish right from wrong.

As early as 1975, faced with many obstacles, Deng Xiaoping proposed to let the army take the lead and set up a National University of Defense Technology in the army to recruit students directly from high schools. On May 24, 1977, Deng Xiaoping, who had not yet officially returned, told Wang Zhen and Deng Liqun that Japan had paid attention to science and technology and education since the Meiji Restoration, and spent a lot of effort. Meiji Restoration is a reform carried out by Japan’s new bourgeoisie. As the proletariat, we should do better than them. He clearly pointed out that scientific research must be accompanied by education. He specifically mentioned that it is necessary to pass strict examinations and concentrate the best people in key middle schools and universities. He also said that if he comes out to work and is in charge of science, technology and education, he hopes that from now on, starting from primary school, he will see small results in five years, see results in 10 years, and see great results in 15 years and 20 years. ［12］

Under the direct leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the Ministry of Education has greatly improved the enrollment system of colleges and universities, changed the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution", and resumed the method of unified examination and merit-based admission.

From June 29th to July 15th, the Ministry of Education held the first symposium on college enrollment, which discussed and solved some problems such as the qualifications of students taking the college entrance examination, and put forward the enrollment plan for colleges and universities.

On July 23, Deng Xiaoping said: "Education should walk on two legs and have a focus. Universities should recruit students from workers, peasants and soldiers, and key schools can recruit students from fresh high school graduates. " [11] (P.165) He also said, "No matter how many college students you recruit, you must take the exam. If you fail the exam, you can’t take it. My children can’t pass the exam, and they can’t go through the back door. " ［13］

On July 29th, Deng Xiaoping talked about education with Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao, and proposed that "a number of key universities should be grasped, which are the centers of education and scientific research". He also proposed, "There are several issues to consider: First, whether to abolish the practice that high school graduates have to work for two years before they can go to college? Second, we must adhere to the examination system, and key schools must insist on failing to repeat grades. We should have a clear attitude towards this. Third, we should make a report outline and put forward principles, policies and measures. The relationship between education and scientific research is very close. We should pay close attention to it, start with education, and have specific measures, otherwise it will be an empty gun. " [11] (P.167) At that time, this decision caused great controversy. On August 1st, Deng Xiaoping, Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao talked about education again. He pointed out that education should be run on two legs, and schools can take various forms. The overall goal is to train a group of people as soon as possible. The fundamental plan is to start with education and primary schools, otherwise catching up will become empty talk. The number of key schools should not be too small, so we should start to designate them immediately. Walk on two legs, but with emphasis. Key universities recruit students directly from high school graduates. When compiling teaching materials, we must absorb advanced things from the world and make foreign things serve China, especially in natural science. From the beginning of teaching the most advanced things, students will be inspired to develop in a broader and deeper direction, which is promising. [11] (pp. 168 ~ 169) He also said that for those young intellectuals who have reached a higher level through self-study,It is necessary to study how and how to select them back. There are thousands of such people, so we should pay great attention to them, cherish them and do everything possible to recruit them back to college or graduate school. ［14］

On August 6th, Deng Xiaoping presided over a symposium on science and education. He proposed: "The new education system will be implemented from next year. To make preparations this year, we should determine the academic system, teaching materials, teachers, students’ sources, enrollment system, examination system and assessment system, and do a good job. Don’t make frequent changes after doing a good job. Of course, small changes are still possible. " He proposed, "Take back the original enrollment report and rewrite it according to everyone’s opinions. Enrollment involves millions of young people who go to the countryside. We should come up with a way to select outstanding talents without causing fluctuations. Key schools should recruit students in a unified way. This year, I am determined to enroll students as required, and the students recruited must meet the requirements. " ［11］（pp.175，176）

On August 8th, Deng Xiaoping firmly stated that this year, he would make up his mind to resume accepting students directly from high school graduates and stop making recommendations from the masses. Recruiting students directly from senior high school is a good way to produce talents and results early. ［11］（p.179）

From 17 August to 25 September, the Ministry of Education held another national conference on enrollment in Beijing Friendship Hotel. The enrollment targets determined by this conference were: workers, peasants, educated youths who went to the countryside and returned to their hometowns (including those who have not been assigned jobs according to the policy), demobilized soldiers, cadres and fresh high school graduates, aged about 20, but not more than 25, unmarried. Those who are rich in practical experience and have made achievements or have expertise in research can be relaxed to 30 years old, regardless of their marriage. ［15］

On August 18th, Deng Xiaoping reviewed and agreed to the "Request for Instructions on Delaying Enrollment and Freshmen’s Opening Time" submitted by the Ministry of Education. The report stated that colleges and secondary specialized schools had planned to start enrolling students in August and freshmen would start school in mid-November. According to Vice Chairman Deng’s instructions, we will greatly improve the enrollment system of colleges and universities, and the enrollment time will be postponed to the fourth quarter. Freshmen in 1977 will enter school before the end of February next year (referring to 1978), which will be postponed for three months (including winter vacation). ［11］（p.185）

On September 25th, the National Conference on Enrollment of Colleges and Universities decided to change the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution" and restore the method of unified examination and merit-based admission. ［11］（p.185）

In 1977, the college entrance examination was postponed to the fourth quarter. In December, about 5.7 million young people in China took the entrance examination for colleges and universities. The candidates were graduates from 1966 to 1977, aged between 15 and 16 and in their thirties. Colleges and universities selected 273,000 students, and the admission rate was the lowest since the founding of New China, only 4.8%. The freshmen were admitted around February 1978. ［16］

In July 1978, another 6.1 million people took the second national college entrance examination. Two recruitment examinations with a total of more than 11.8 million people set a record in the history of higher education examinations in China and even the world. [17] This fully reflects the strong desire of this generation to go to school, to be knowledgeable, and to change their own destiny. They finally got the chance to make their own choices.

This is Deng Xiaoping’s first major decision after his comeback. It took only a few months from putting forward the idea (May 1977) to making a decision (October 1977) and then implementing it (December 1977). A year later, at the end of 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that the major decision of reform and opening up was the second largest decision. The author calls this first major decision the "seed" of reform and opening-up. It was Deng Xiaoping’s decision to resume the college entrance examination, which planted the "seed" of human capital for China’s modernization, and achieved the situation of "taking root, flowering and bearing fruit" in the later reform and opening-up.

In 1982, when college students of Grade 7-7 and Grade 7-8 graduated, there were about 6.1 million people with college education, accounting for only 0.615% of the total population. By 2013, there will be about 130 million people with college degree or above in China, accounting for 9.6% of the total population, which has surpassed the total population of Japan (127 million)!

Six, resume the recruitment of graduate students, establish a degree system with China characteristics.

In 1978, it was the first year that China resumed the postgraduate system.

On August 4, 1977, Deng Xiaoping proposed that those young intellectuals who went to the countryside to reach a higher level through self-study should do everything possible to find them to come back to college or become graduate students. He also specifically mentioned that in a few years, universities should focus on training graduate students, so that researchers can grow rapidly. This is a matter of policy, so that people can get out faster. I believe that Chinese is smart and will produce a lot of talents. [11] (p.173) This shows that Deng Xiaoping is very clear that the cultivation of high-end talents needs to start with the cultivation of graduate students.

It was under the direct impetus of Deng Xiaoping that in January 1978, the Ministry of Education and the State Planning Commission formulated the national postgraduate enrollment plan. [11] (p.255) On February 28th, China Academy of Social Sciences decided to recruit graduate students for the whole country. In that year, more than 10,500 graduate students were enrolled in China. This figure is close to the total number of graduate students trained in the 17 years before the "Cultural Revolution" (referring to 1949-1966). ［16］（pp.107,193）

While recruiting college students and graduate students in an all-round way, Deng Xiaoping and others have encountered new problems. As a modern university education, should we implement a degree system? If the degree system is to be implemented, what kind of degree system will be adopted? Which system can better represent the world trend?

Implementing the degree system is an important institutional arrangement for a country to train high-level talents, and it is also a basic system generally adopted by modern countries. There are different models and practices in the world: one is the three-level degree system generally adopted by western countries, that is, the establishment of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees. In April 1935, China introduced and imitated the degree system implemented in the United States. By the time New China was founded in 1949, more than 200 people had obtained master’s degrees. The other is the two-level degree system adopted by the Soviet Union, that is, there are only doctoral and associate doctoral degrees, and there are no undergraduate degrees. Due to the influence of the Soviet higher education system after the founding of New China, the three-level degree system in western countries was no longer adopted, and only postgraduate education was implemented. Postgraduates were enrolled in 1950, and by 1965, more than 22,700 people had been enrolled.

From 1961 to 1964, the academic degree regulations drafted by Nie Rongzhen, vice premier of the State Council and director of the State Science and Technology Commission, were basically based on the Soviet model, but this regulation did not become a formal system.

When Deng Xiaoping considered what kind of degree system China was planning to build, two important figures played a key role, one was Hu Qiaomu, and the other was Jiang Nanxiang. This is related to the fact that they all studied in Tsinghua University and understood the western degree system.

Jiang Nanxiang, Minister of Education, personally presided over the drafting of the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Draft), which was adopted in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on February 12, 1980 and came into force on January 1, 1981. In this regard, Jiang Nanxiang explained that the proposed academic degree regulations adopted a three-level academic degree system, so as to communicate with the internationally accepted academic degree system, which is conducive to sending international students and international academic exchanges. The proposed degree system has China characteristics: First, we must adhere to the socialist orientation. We should promote the growth of "red and specialized" senior professionals through the degree system, and ask different degree applicants to support the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and the socialist system. Second, we must emphasize the principle of combining theory with practice. Degree applicants at all levels should not only reach a considerable academic level in the basic theory and expertise of this subject, but also have the corresponding ability to solve practical problems, and neither of them can be neglected. Third, we must implement the principle of quality first, and our country’s degree system should be worthy of the name.

From July 26th to August 2nd, 1981, the first meeting of the Discipline Appraisal Committee of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee awarded 805 doctoral programs in China, which could instruct 1,143 doctoral tutors. There are 2,957 professional programs that award master’s degrees. ［16］（p.460）

Seven, Deng Xiaoping proposed to send students abroad.

On August 8, 1977, Deng Xiaoping presided over the symposium on science and education, and put forward the idea of sending people to study abroad for the first time. ［11］（p.179）

On June 22, 1978, Deng Xiaoping Tong Fangyi, Jiang Nanxiang, Liu Xiyao, etc. talked and suggested that it is worthwhile to spend more money on increasing the number of overseas students. This is one of the important ways to achieve quick results in five years and improve China’s scientific level. [11] (P.331) reflects Deng Xiaoping’s strategic vision of cultivating high-end talents.

On July 10th, Deng Xiaoping met with Frank Press, Science and Technology Advisor to the President of the United States and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Press hopes that this trip will lay the foundation for China and the United States to sign agreements on agricultural exchanges, space technology and exchanges between international students and scholars, and he also suggests to Deng Xiaoping that China send 20-30 students to study in the United States. To Press’s complete surprise, Deng Xiaoping suggested that the United States accept 700 science students from China, and the goal in the next few years is tens of thousands. Press immediately called President Carter, woke him up from his sleep at 3 am, and asked him to approve China to send 700 students to study in the United States, and more students would be welcome in the next few years. Later, Carter readily agreed to the Chinese request. ［18］

On August 4th, the Ministry of Education issued a notice according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 1978, the number of overseas students (including college students, advanced students and graduate students) increased to more than 3,000, mainly for studying science and engineering (including agriculture and medicine) related majors. [16] (p.142) On August 20th, Deng Xiaoping approved the Ministry of Education’s "Several Instructions on Sending Overseas Students", and agreed to send 3,000 overseas students in 1978, with the focus on advanced students and graduate students. ［11］（p.354）

At the end of August, the People’s Letters Summary reported that a student from Shanghai Hongkou Model Middle School requested to study in Japan at his own expense. Deng Xiaoping agreed to Fang Yi’s "permission" reply. [11] (P.365) So far, the way of studying abroad at one’s own expense has been opened.

In the second half of 1978, the first batch of international students from China arrived in the United States. In 1979, there were 1025 international students studying in the United States. By 1984, the number of international students had reached 14,000, two thirds of whom were studying physics, medicine and engineering. Peking University and Tsinghua University are even called "preparatory schools" for public science students studying in the United States. ［18］（p.128）

On July 16th, 1982, the State Council approved the Regulations of the Ministry of Education and other departments on studying abroad at one’s own expense, and put forward that studying abroad at one’s own expense is a channel for cultivating talents. [16] (pp.556-557) Since then, studying abroad at one’s own expense has gradually developed into the main channel for studying abroad.

Eight, Deng Xiaoping agreed to establish a postdoctoral mobile station system to cultivate high-end talents.

On May 21st, 1985, Deng Xiaoping met with Professor Li Zhengdao and his wife to exchange views on developing science and training talents. Li Zhengdao suggested to Deng Xiaoping that in order to create a favorable condition for China’s overseas researchers to return to work, more than a dozen post-doctoral mobile stations could be established as a pilot. This time, when Li Zhengdao made a presentation to Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping also specifically asked, "Why should we train postdoctoral doctors?"? When Li Zhengdao explained it, Deng Xiaoping agreed. He said: "Postdoctoral is a new thing and a new term to me. It is the first time I heard that … setting up a postdoctoral mobile station is a new method, which is very good. Combine training with use, cultivate in use, and find more advanced talents in training and use. There are too few ten postdoctoral mobile stations, and it is necessary to establish hundreds of mobile stations and become a system. " ［19］

In July 1985, China began to implement the postdoctoral system. This shows that overseas Chinese have played an important role in promoting the establishment of a modern education system in China. Deng Xiaoping’s decision has greatly promoted the establishment of high-level talent training system in China, which is a typical case of institutional change in the process of economic system reform in China.

In 1985, there were only 102 postdoctoral mobile stations in China, and by 2013, it had reached 2703. From 1985 to 2013, a total of 70,289 people left the station.

IX. Summary: Long-term Bonus of Human Capital Decision in Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13th, 1966. On the instructions of Mao Zedong, he and Liu Shaoqi made a decision to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year, and proposed to reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September 1977, after a lapse of 11 years, Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd, changed the original enrollment plan in 1977, postponed the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year again, and formally proposed to Hua Guofeng and other The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) to restore the higher education examination system, which was officially approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee (October 5, 1977).

The two decision-making processes have different historical backgrounds and decision-making mechanisms, so there are two different decision-making results, which also reflect the learning process of decision-makers in China, including the understanding and summary of success and failure, right and wrong. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, the first decision was passive, and the second was active. Without decision-making mistakes, there is no decision-making cost. Without decision-making cost, it is difficult to reach a political consensus and make a correct decision quickly.

As early as May 1977, in view of education and science and technology, which were the hardest hit areas of the "Cultural Revolution", Deng Xiaoping once imagined that after his comeback, he would pay great attention to education. We will achieve small results in five years, great results in 10 years, and great results in 15 years and 20 years. [12] It is clear that Deng Xiaoping is not only a great politician, but also a great strategist. He made a series of human capital investment decisions, such as resuming the college entrance examination, recruiting graduate students, establishing a degree system, promoting studying abroad, and setting up postdoctoral mobile stations, which are long-term and strategic decisions, and have produced long-term human capital dividends, which in turn have profoundly affected the process of reform, opening up and socialist modernization in China.

This long-term human capital dividend is as follows (see the table on the next page): compared with 1978, 2013 is equivalent to 28.8 times the number of students in colleges and universities in 1978, 164.1 times the number of graduate students and 481.3 times the number of students studying abroad. In addition, the author estimates that the gross enrollment rate of China University was only about 0.5% in the early 1970s, less than 1% in 1978, and reached 34.5% in 2013. That is to say, according to the gross enrollment rate of universities, in 2013, the chances of college-age population in China being admitted to universities were more than 30 times that of 1978 and more than 60 times that of the early 1970s. Compared with the United States, in 1980, the number of students in colleges and universities in China was only 1.6% of that in the United States (10.475 million). By 2005, China surpassed the United States, and by 2009, China was equivalent to 122% of that in the United States. In 1980, the number of graduate students in China (21,600) was only 1.6% of that in the United States (1,343,000); in 2007, China (1,195,000) was 52.1% of that in the United States (2,294,000); in 2013, China reached 1,790,000; it is estimated that China will surpass the United States around 2015.

This all stems from Deng Xiaoping’s strategic conception, which has not returned in May 1977. We are not only grateful to Deng Xiaoping, but also want to learn from Deng Xiaoping. As the Supreme Leader said when commemorating the 110th anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s birth, "We should learn from his far-sighted strategic thinking when commemorating Comrade Deng Xiaoping", "We have gained insight into the development trend at home and abroad and made a series of major strategic decisions concerning the long-term development of the cause of the party and the state and the future and destiny of socialism". ［20］

Deng Xiaoping’s decision on human capital investment is the most typical successful case. His far-sighted strategic thinking has not only become a long-term dividend for China’s human capital investment, but also the most precious political wealth for future generations.

Source: Compilation of Statistical Data of 60 Years in New China, China Statistics Publishing House, 2010, pp. 72-75; Statistical Abstract of China in 2014, China Statistics Publishing House, 2014, pp. 153-154.

Note: The two sets of data compared between 2013 and 1978 are calculated by the author according to the above data.

[Reference]

[1] Hu Angang: "China: Towards the 21st Century", China Environmental Science Press, 1991, pp. 174, 180 and 183.

[2] China Statistical Yearbook 1984, China Statistics Publishing House, 1984, p. 484.

[3] Hu Angang, Wang Hongchuan and Yan Yilong: Modernization of China: Human Resources and Education (1949 ~ 2030), Research on Education Development, No.1, 2015.

[4] "Selected Important Documents Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China" Volume 1, Central Literature Publishing House, 1992, p. 11.

[5] History of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Higher Education Press and People’s Publishing House, 2013, p. 173.

[6] Biography of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976) Volume II, Central Literature Publishing House, 2003, p. 1404.

[7] Mao Zedong Manuscripts Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China, Volume 11, Central Literature Publishing House, 1996, p. 96.

[8] Chronicle of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976), Volume 5, Central Literature Publishing House, 2013, p. 593.

[9] He Dongchang, editor-in-chief: "Important Educational Literature in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (1949 ~ 1997)", Hainan Publishing House, 1998, p. 1403.

[10] World Bank Economic Mission: "China: Development of Socialist Economy", China Financial and Economic Press, 1983, p. 92.

[11] The Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 227.

[12] Gu Weiming: "The initial brewing of the resumption of the college entrance examination system in 1977", "Research on Contemporary China History" No.5, 2003.

[13] Yang Shengqun and Chen Jin, editor-in-chief: "Historical Turning Point 1977 ~ 1978", Life, Reading and Knowledge Joint Publishing Company, 2009, p. 49.

［14］? Yearbook of Deng Xiaoping Thought (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2011, p. 59.

[15] Zhang Shujun and Gao Xinmin, editor-in-chief: Historical Archives of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China Economic Publishing House, 1998, p. 412.

[16] Xu Dashen, editor-in-chief: "A Record of People’s Republic of China (PRC)" Volume 4, Jilin People’s Publishing House, 1994, p. 57.

[17] Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, China National Museum: Historical Records of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2009,Page 361.

[18] [America] Fu Gaoyi: "Deng Xiaoping and China’s Opening to the Outside World: Sino-US Relations from 1977 to 1979", edited by Zhu Jiamu: "Contemporary China"And its Development Path —— Proceedings of the Second International Forum on Contemporary China History, Contemporary China Press, 2010, p.Page 127.

[19] Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2004, p. 976.

[20] Supreme Leader: Speech at the Symposium to Commemorate the 110th Anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s Birth (August 20, 2014), People’s Daily.August 21, 2014.

[Author] Hu Angang, Professor, School of Public Administration, Tsinghua University.

　Source of the article: Research on Contemporary China History

Speaking of Gree, what’s your first impression?

Is it Dong Mingzhu’s stubborn face that comes to mind, or is it the bullish slogan of "mastering core technology" ringing in your ears, or is it the memory of the gambling contract between Miss Dong and Lei Jun that was all the rage?

Dong Mingzhu

Although in the public’s impression, "Gree" seems to be an inseparable whole with air conditioning and Dong Mingzhu, what you don’t know is that in fact, all behind the word "Gree" is not just air conditioning, nor just Dong Mingzhu, but three different "Gree":Gree Electric, gree real estate and Gree Group..

Today, because Gree Electric is the most famous city, people only know Gree Electric, but don’t know gree real estate and Gree Group. At present, there is almost no direct relationship between them except sharing the name and trademark of Gree. But time goes back 10 years, and the three are really a family.Simply put, Gree Electric and gree real estate were born out of Gree Group in the early days.

Gree group office building

Gree group

Gree Group is a 100% state-owned enterprise. According to public information, Gree Group was formerly known as Zhuhai Special Zone Industrial Development Corporation, which was established in 1985. At that time, the Industrial Development Corporation of the Special Economic Zone had two major companies, Zhuhai Special Economic Zone Guanxiong Plastic Co., Ltd. and Zhuhai Haili Air Conditioner Factory.

In 1990, with the approval of Zhuhai Municipal People’s Government, Gree Group was established. Its original name was Zhuhai Gree Group Company, with a registered capital of 1 million yuan, and the enterprise was collectively owned.

At the beginning of its establishment, Gree Group mainly engaged in trade, not air conditioning as we are familiar with. In 1991, Gree Group merged Zhuhai Special Economic Zone Guanxiong Plastic Co., Ltd. and Zhuhai Haili Air Conditioner Factory and renamed it Gree Air Conditioner Factory, which is the predecessor of Gree Electric. Later, in order to develop Zhuhai Beiling Industrial Zone, Gree Group successively established Zhuhai Gree Real Estate Co., Ltd. and Zhuhai Gree Real Estate Co., Ltd., which is the predecessor of gree real estate.

In 1992, Gree Group increased its registered capital to 170 million yuan, and it has 14 directly affiliated enterprises and 18 other joint ventures, including Gree Air Conditioning Factory and Gree Real Estate. At this time, Gree Group has basically formed the embryonic form of air conditioning and real estate.

In 2009, Gree Group was restructured into a limited liability company (wholly state-owned) and its name was changed to Zhuhai Gree Group Co., Ltd..

Gree Electric head office

gree electric appliances

After the merger of Guanxiong Plastic Co., Ltd. and Zhuhai Haili Air Conditioner Factory, the newly established Gree Electric is still an unknown small factory with only a crude production line with an annual output of only 20,000 window air conditioners. At that time, the chairman of Gree Electric was not Dong Mingzhu but Zhu Jianghong, and Dong Mingzhu was the business manager of East China. Under the leadership of Zhu Jianghong, Gree Electric has developed a series of marketable products, seized the market opportunities and initially established the brand image of Gree.

Subsequently, Gree Electric began to focus on quality, put forward the quality policy of "producing excellent products, creating famous brands, achieving scale and creating world-class level", implemented the "excellent product strategy", established and improved the quality management system, issued the "Twelve Banners for General Managers" and implemented the "Zero Defect Project". After several years of paying close attention to quality work, Gree products have achieved a qualitative leap in quality, laid the competitive advantage of Gree products in quality, created a famous brand "Gree" and established a good reputation among consumers.

In 1994, Dong Mingzhu began to be in charge of sales. With the innovative marketing model, the production and sales volume of Gree air conditioners jumped to the first place in the country in 1995. Subsequently, relying on Dong Mingzhu’s original "regional sales company" model, which is known as "a brand-new marketing model in the 21st century economic field", Gree Electric’s benefits have steadily increased year after year, and it stands out in the highly competitive home appliance industry.

In 1996, Gree Electric was successfully listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange. In 2004, Gree Electric acquired subsidiaries such as Zhuhai Lingda and Gree Electric, and began to lay out the upstream and downstream industrial chains of air conditioners.

The real turning point in Gree Electric occurred in 2019. This year, Zhuhai decided to deepen the mixed reform of Gree Electric and transfer the state-owned shares of Gree Electric by publicly soliciting the transferee. Subsequently, Zhuhai Mingjun Investment Partnership (Limited Partnership) led by Gao Ying and participated by Dong Mingzhu reached an agreement with Zhuhai SASAC, and Gree Group transferred 15% of its shares in Gree Electric to Zhuhai Mingjun at a price of 46.17 yuan/share.

Gaoying Capital Zhang Lei

After the completion of this transaction, Gree Group only holds 3.22% equity of Gree Electric, becoming an insignificant minority shareholder and Gree Electric becoming a listed company without actual controller. On the surface, Gao Yin became the major shareholder of Gree Electric, but in essence, Dong Mingzhu became the veritable "queen" of Gree Electric.

Gree Electric is no longer a state-controlled enterprise.

Gree real estate

Gree real estate

As one of the two listed entities under Gree Group, gree real estate’s origin can be traced back to the development of Zhuhai Beiling Industrial Zone by Gree Group.

Gree real estate’s core companies are Zhuhai Gree Real Estate Co., Ltd. and Zhuhai Gree Zhisheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., which are mainly responsible for commercial real estate development under Gree Group.

As a listed company, gree real estate’s predecessor is actually Xi ‘an Haixing Modern Technology Co., Ltd., a company listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1999. Its relationship with Gree originated from a backdoor listing in 2008.

On September 18th, 2008, the listed company Xi ‘an Haixing Modern Science and Technology Co., Ltd. and Zhuhai Gree Group carried out major asset restructuring through asset replacement and non-public offering. Gree Group replaced all assets of Xi ‘an Haixing with its 100% equity of Zhuhai Gree Real Estate Co., Ltd. and Zhuhai Gree Zhisheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. except for retaining real estate and retaining liabilities.

In 2012, the company name was changed to "gree real estate Co., Ltd.", and gree real estate, as a listed company, officially appeared, and Gree Group was the major shareholder of gree real estate. However, the mother-child relationship between Gree Group and listed company gree real estate did not last long. In the same year, Dong Mingzhu became the chairman and legal representative of Gree Group.

In 2014, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of Zhuhai requested Gree Group to inject 51.94% equity of gree real estate held by Gree Group into Zhuhai Investment, a wholly-owned company newly established by Zhuhai State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. After the completion of the transaction, Zhuhai Investment replaced Gree Group as the major shareholder of gree real estate. Since then, Gree Group and gree real estate have officially parted ways.

Whose "Gree"?

On May 11th, 2022, according to CCTV financial news, when talking with Dong Mingzhu about the diversified development of Gree Electric, Dong Mingzhu said that she would never invest in finance and real estate, and said that gree real estate had nothing to do with her at all. Dong Mingzhu also said that gree real estate’s use of the Gree trademark did harm to Gree Electric.

It is not entirely true that Dong Mingzhu said that gree real estate had nothing to do with her. At least in 2012 -2014, gree real estate was an important holding company of Gree Group, and Dong Mingzhu, as the chairman and legal representative of Gree Group, definitely participated in the operation and management of important subsidiaries. Gree Electric, as the brother company of gree real estate, is at least related. Of course, after gree real estate and Gree Electric were stripped off successively, Gree Group, Gree Electric and gree real estate became almost completely independent subjects. Gree Group and gree real estate remain state-owned, while Gree Electric has become a real private enterprise.

The only connection between the three seems to be the trademark "Gree". Dong Mingzhu tucao gree real estate used Gree trademark to hurt Gree Electric, which is also the reason.

"Gree" trademark

According to the public inquiry information, at present, the applicants for both "GREE" and "GREE" trademarks are Gree Electric. However, based on the relationship among the three parties, in fact, GREE Group and gree real estate still use "Gree" and "GREE" at the name or font size level. I believe there are arrangements for trademark authorization among the three parties.

However, after the separation from gree real estate and Gree, Gree Group, the former Zhuhai State-owned No.1, gradually turned to be plain and ordinary, and transformed into a state-owned platform company with little characteristics. The main business scope has also become industrial investment, engineering construction, urban renewal and urban operation, which are similar to most state-owned platforms in China. However, for the Zhuhai government, the cash of 40 billion yuan from the sale of Gree Electric is undoubtedly sufficient ammunition for the development of other industries.