Abstract: The modernization of education in China has always been a major strategic issue and strategic choice for the country’s development. The cognition and judgment of leaders in different periods on the reality of education have an important impact on the modernization of education. China’s educational modernization process has both successful experiences and mistakes. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, he has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13, 1966, according to the instructions of Mao Zedong, he made a decision with Liu Shaoqi to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities and reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd and proposed to restore the higher education examination system, which was approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. The second decision not only produced a long-term human capital dividend, but also profoundly affected the process of educational modernization in China, laying the foundation for a modern educational system.

China is a country with the largest population in the world, but also a country lacking in human capital. From the perspective of national modernization, more population has become a heavy burden of economic development, and less human capital has become an important constraint of economic development. In this sense, a large population is not necessarily a good thing, unless the population burden is transformed into human resources wealth. [1] Therefore, China should take human capital as the first capital, human resources as the first resource, and invest in people and develop human resources as its basic national policy. China’s modernization is essentially human modernization, and human modernization is essentially the continuous expansion and accumulation of human resources or human capital stock, which has become an increasingly important source of economic development and constitutes the ultimate foundation of national wealth (material wealth, social wealth, cultural wealth and ecological wealth). [1] (P.174) Leaders’ understanding of China’s basic national conditions directly affects the decision-making of human capital investment and the process of human capital accumulation, which in turn will affect the long-term dividend of human capital to China’s modernization development. From the past decades, China has also experienced a historical process of success first, then twists and turns, and then success, and gradually realized the transformation from a heavy population burden to a powerful country in human resources or human capital in the world. China has become the world’s largest number of students in higher education.

First, from a big country with illiteracy to a big country with modern education

In modern times, China is not only a laggard and latecomer of world modernization, but also a laggard and latecomer of educational modernization. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that modern education was introduced from the west and a national education system was established. By the time New China was founded in 1949, it had been about half a century. From the perspective of higher education, only 185,000 people in China had college education or above, accounting for 3.42% of the total population? . The number of college students in China is only 117,000. [2] At that time, about 80% of the people in the country were illiterate and semi-illiterate, and the average education period of the population over 15 years old was only 1.0 years, which was a big country full of illiteracy. ［3］

After the founding of New China, China began an unprecedented cultural construction, including "implementing universal education in a planned and step-by-step manner, strengthening secondary and higher education, and paying attention to technical education" [4].

By the mid-1960s, a relatively complete modern national education system had been established in China, and the level of human capital had been significantly improved. According to the data of the second national census in 1964, the illiteracy rate dropped to 32.3%, which was half as much as 80% in 1949. The population of junior college or above reached 2.875 million, 15.5 times that of 1949, with an average annual growth rate of 21.6% from 1949 to 1964. The average educational years of the population over 15 years old in China reached 2.6 years, equivalent to 2.6 times that of 1949. During 1949-1964, the average annual growth rate was 7.06%, which was much higher than the average annual growth rate of the total population (2.08%) in the same period. Even though higher education was seriously affected by the Great Leap Forward, the number of students in institutions of higher learning dropped from 962,000 in 1960 to 674,000 in 1965 [2] (P.483), which was still the first golden age for the development of modern education in China.

Although China’s modern national education, especially modern university education, has developed rapidly and achieved remarkable results, the basic national conditions of low level of human capital have not fundamentally changed. Compared with developed countries, in 1965, the average length of education of the population over 15 years old was 10 years in the United States, equivalent to 3.8 times that of China; It is 7.5 years in Japan, which is 2.9 times that of China. In particular, the population above junior college is quite scarce, accounting for only 0.416% of the total population (723 million people) in China. Proceeding from this basic national condition, it is necessary to continuously accelerate the modernization of national education, including the development of modern higher education.

Two, Mao Zedong from the reform of the education system to launch the "cultural revolution"

After 1965, Mao Zedong shifted the focus of "opposing and preventing revisionism" to how to prevent revisionism in the Communist Party of China (CPC), especially in the leading organs of the Party. [5] His judgment on academia and education has also changed. In March 1966, he said at the enlarged meeting in The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC): "Now, most universities, middle schools and primary schools are monopolized by people from the bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and rich land." [6] On May 7 of the same year, he reiterated this view in his letter to Lin Biao. Therefore, Mao Zedong’s proposal to reform the education system is not to change the backward situation of modern education, but to change "the phenomenon of bourgeois intellectuals ruling schools".

In fact, Mao Zedong had put forward the idea of reforming the education system before this. In 1964, Mao Zedong proposed that the education system should be reformed. "You don’t know the class struggle. How can you be a college graduate?" [7] According to Mao Zedong’s instructions, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on Organizing Liberal Arts Teachers and Students in Colleges and Universities to Participate in the Socialist Education Movement on September 11th of the same year.

Mao Zedong launched the "Cultural Revolution" with the educational front as an important breakthrough. On June 12th, 1966, Mao Zedong presided over the enlarged meeting of the CPC The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). When talking about the "Cultural Revolution", he said: "First seize power, criticize authority, and then engage in teaching reform and educational system reform. The central government should establish a high school and university entrance examination system by combining school recommendation and selection. " [8] On June 13th, according to Mao Zedong’s instructions and under the auspices of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued a notice, deciding to reform the entrance examination method for colleges and universities, calling the entrance examination method at that time "basically not jumping out of the bourgeois examination system", and decided to postpone the entrance examination for colleges and universities for half a year in 1966. In fact, it is to suspend classes for half a year for college students nationwide to engage in the "Cultural Revolution" movement.

On June 18th, People’s Daily published the decisions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, and published an editorial entitled "Do a good job in the cultural revolution thoroughly and reform the education system thoroughly". The editorial said: "The old entrance examination system has become a stumbling block to the cause of socialist education and the great proletarian cultural revolution." On June 27th, the Ministry of Higher Education issued a notice that the enrollment of graduate students in 1966 and 1967 was suspended. ［9］

On July 24th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on the Reform of Enrollment in Colleges and Universities. The circular pointed out that since liberation, although the methods of college entrance examination have been continuously improved, they have basically not jumped out of the bourgeois examination system. Decided to cancel the exam and adopt a combination of recommendation and selection. This became the method of university enrollment in the early 1970s.

However, once the "Cultural Revolution" is launched, it is difficult to proceed according to the wishes of the initiators and leaders, and it is often "the opposite direction". First, "suspension of classes and revolting" (June 1966), the enrollment of colleges and universities was stopped; Then there was "resumption of classes and revolting" (early 1967); Then, the workers’ propaganda team and the military propaganda team were assigned to colleges and universities to disperse the Red Guards (August 1968); Mobilizing junior and senior high school graduates to go to the countryside (December, 1968) was actually a way of forcibly mobilizing a large number of urban educated youth to go to the countryside, which led to the biggest interruption of human capital investment and accumulation since the founding of New China.

Third, the "Cultural Revolution" loss of human capital

The impact, interruption and even long-term impact of the "Cultural Revolution" on the accumulation process of high human capital (mainly refers to the population with college education or above) and medium human capital (refers to the population with secondary college education) was called "the biggest loss" by Deng Xiaoping, which delayed a generation.

The university stopped enrolling students for four years, and the number of students in the university dropped significantly (see attached table). It is conservatively estimated that during the "Cultural Revolution", if 1965 is taken as the base, tens of thousands of graduate students, 1 million college graduates and 2 million secondary school graduates were less trained nationwide. The actual number may be even larger, because the enrollment rate of universities or high schools in China is much lower than that of countries with the same income level. In 1979, after the college entrance examination was resumed for three consecutive years, the university enrollment rate in China was only 1.2%, which was only half of the average of other low-income countries and only a quarter of the average of developing countries. [10] In addition, the recruitment of overseas students was stopped for six years (from 1966 to 1971).

Secondary school education has also been severely impacted, with the number of students enrolled dropping, even stopping enrolling, and the number of students in school dropping sharply. In 1979, the total number of students in vocational and technical schools was only 1.4 million, far below the level in 1965; The number of students in vocational and technical schools accounts for 2.4% of the total number of students in all secondary schools, far below the average of 11% in developing countries. Part of the result of this situation is that in 1979, only 0.5% of the workforce received higher education, and only 0.9% received secondary technical or vocational education (many of them were teachers). ［10］（pp.92，93）

On October 22, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping met with a delegation from the Korean Central News Agency, he said that the Gang of Four had caused great damage in various fields, and the most damaged areas were education, science and technology. The destruction of education is not reading, which makes the scientific research team lack successors. [11] This is why Deng Xiaoping changed the original enrollment plan of colleges and universities and advocated the restoration of the unified examination system for college enrollment.

Fourth, Deng Xiaoping: Take the education front as the breakthrough of reform and opening up.

Deng Xiaoping promotes reform and opening up, and also chooses the education front as a breakthrough.

On the question of whether to restore the unified examination system for college enrollment, the focus of debate is whether to continue along the so-called "Cultural Revolution" or turn to the normal entrance examination practice that conforms to the laws and characteristics of modern education development. This is not only a dispute about the route, but also a dispute about the basic common sense of human capital investment, and it is also a livelihood event involving thousands of families. Only through social practice can we distinguish right from wrong.

As early as 1975, faced with many obstacles, Deng Xiaoping proposed to let the army take the lead and set up a National University of Defense Technology in the army to recruit students directly from high schools. On May 24, 1977, Deng Xiaoping, who had not yet officially returned, told Wang Zhen and Deng Liqun that Japan had paid attention to science and technology and education since the Meiji Restoration, and spent a lot of effort. Meiji Restoration is a reform carried out by Japan’s new bourgeoisie. As the proletariat, we should do better than them. He clearly pointed out that scientific research must be accompanied by education. He specifically mentioned that it is necessary to pass strict examinations and concentrate the best people in key middle schools and universities. He also said that if he comes out to work and is in charge of science, technology and education, he hopes that from now on, starting from primary school, he will see small results in five years, see results in 10 years, and see great results in 15 years and 20 years. ［12］

Under the direct leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the Ministry of Education has greatly improved the enrollment system of colleges and universities, changed the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution", and resumed the method of unified examination and merit-based admission.

From June 29th to July 15th, the Ministry of Education held the first symposium on college enrollment, which discussed and solved some problems such as the qualifications of students taking the college entrance examination, and put forward the enrollment plan for colleges and universities.

On July 23, Deng Xiaoping said: "Education should walk on two legs and have a focus. Universities should recruit students from workers, peasants and soldiers, and key schools can recruit students from fresh high school graduates. " [11] (P.165) He also said, "No matter how many college students you recruit, you must take the exam. If you fail the exam, you can’t take it. My children can’t pass the exam, and they can’t go through the back door. " ［13］

On July 29th, Deng Xiaoping talked about education with Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao, and proposed that "a number of key universities should be grasped, which are the centers of education and scientific research". He also proposed, "There are several issues to consider: First, whether to abolish the practice that high school graduates have to work for two years before they can go to college? Second, we must adhere to the examination system, and key schools must insist on failing to repeat grades. We should have a clear attitude towards this. Third, we should make a report outline and put forward principles, policies and measures. The relationship between education and scientific research is very close. We should pay close attention to it, start with education, and have specific measures, otherwise it will be an empty gun. " [11] (P.167) At that time, this decision caused great controversy. On August 1st, Deng Xiaoping, Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao talked about education again. He pointed out that education should be run on two legs, and schools can take various forms. The overall goal is to train a group of people as soon as possible. The fundamental plan is to start with education and primary schools, otherwise catching up will become empty talk. The number of key schools should not be too small, so we should start to designate them immediately. Walk on two legs, but with emphasis. Key universities recruit students directly from high school graduates. When compiling teaching materials, we must absorb advanced things from the world and make foreign things serve China, especially in natural science. From the beginning of teaching the most advanced things, students will be inspired to develop in a broader and deeper direction, which is promising. [11] (pp. 168 ~ 169) He also said that for those young intellectuals who have reached a higher level through self-study,It is necessary to study how and how to select them back. There are thousands of such people, so we should pay great attention to them, cherish them and do everything possible to recruit them back to college or graduate school. ［14］

On August 6th, Deng Xiaoping presided over a symposium on science and education. He proposed: "The new education system will be implemented from next year. To make preparations this year, we should determine the academic system, teaching materials, teachers, students’ sources, enrollment system, examination system and assessment system, and do a good job. Don’t make frequent changes after doing a good job. Of course, small changes are still possible. " He proposed, "Take back the original enrollment report and rewrite it according to everyone’s opinions. Enrollment involves millions of young people who go to the countryside. We should come up with a way to select outstanding talents without causing fluctuations. Key schools should recruit students in a unified way. This year, I am determined to enroll students as required, and the students recruited must meet the requirements. " ［11］（pp.175，176）

On August 8th, Deng Xiaoping firmly stated that this year, he would make up his mind to resume accepting students directly from high school graduates and stop making recommendations from the masses. Recruiting students directly from senior high school is a good way to produce talents and results early. ［11］（p.179）

From 17 August to 25 September, the Ministry of Education held another national conference on enrollment in Beijing Friendship Hotel. The enrollment targets determined by this conference were: workers, peasants, educated youths who went to the countryside and returned to their hometowns (including those who have not been assigned jobs according to the policy), demobilized soldiers, cadres and fresh high school graduates, aged about 20, but not more than 25, unmarried. Those who are rich in practical experience and have made achievements or have expertise in research can be relaxed to 30 years old, regardless of their marriage. ［15］

On August 18th, Deng Xiaoping reviewed and agreed to the "Request for Instructions on Delaying Enrollment and Freshmen’s Opening Time" submitted by the Ministry of Education. The report stated that colleges and secondary specialized schools had planned to start enrolling students in August and freshmen would start school in mid-November. According to Vice Chairman Deng’s instructions, we will greatly improve the enrollment system of colleges and universities, and the enrollment time will be postponed to the fourth quarter. Freshmen in 1977 will enter school before the end of February next year (referring to 1978), which will be postponed for three months (including winter vacation). ［11］（p.185）

On September 25th, the National Conference on Enrollment of Colleges and Universities decided to change the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution" and restore the method of unified examination and merit-based admission. ［11］（p.185）

In 1977, the college entrance examination was postponed to the fourth quarter. In December, about 5.7 million young people in China took the entrance examination for colleges and universities. The candidates were graduates from 1966 to 1977, aged between 15 and 16 and in their thirties. Colleges and universities selected 273,000 students, and the admission rate was the lowest since the founding of New China, only 4.8%. The freshmen were admitted around February 1978. ［16］

In July 1978, another 6.1 million people took the second national college entrance examination. Two recruitment examinations with a total of more than 11.8 million people set a record in the history of higher education examinations in China and even the world. [17] This fully reflects the strong desire of this generation to go to school, to be knowledgeable, and to change their own destiny. They finally got the chance to make their own choices.

This is Deng Xiaoping’s first major decision after his comeback. It took only a few months from putting forward the idea (May 1977) to making a decision (October 1977) and then implementing it (December 1977). A year later, at the end of 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that the major decision of reform and opening up was the second largest decision. The author calls this first major decision the "seed" of reform and opening-up. It was Deng Xiaoping’s decision to resume the college entrance examination, which planted the "seed" of human capital for China’s modernization, and achieved the situation of "taking root, flowering and bearing fruit" in the later reform and opening-up.

In 1982, when college students of Grade 7-7 and Grade 7-8 graduated, there were about 6.1 million people with college education, accounting for only 0.615% of the total population. By 2013, there will be about 130 million people with college degree or above in China, accounting for 9.6% of the total population, which has surpassed the total population of Japan (127 million)!

Six, resume the recruitment of graduate students, establish a degree system with China characteristics.

In 1978, it was the first year that China resumed the postgraduate system.

On August 4, 1977, Deng Xiaoping proposed that those young intellectuals who went to the countryside to reach a higher level through self-study should do everything possible to find them to come back to college or become graduate students. He also specifically mentioned that in a few years, universities should focus on training graduate students, so that researchers can grow rapidly. This is a matter of policy, so that people can get out faster. I believe that Chinese is smart and will produce a lot of talents. [11] (p.173) This shows that Deng Xiaoping is very clear that the cultivation of high-end talents needs to start with the cultivation of graduate students.

It was under the direct impetus of Deng Xiaoping that in January 1978, the Ministry of Education and the State Planning Commission formulated the national postgraduate enrollment plan. [11] (p.255) On February 28th, China Academy of Social Sciences decided to recruit graduate students for the whole country. In that year, more than 10,500 graduate students were enrolled in China. This figure is close to the total number of graduate students trained in the 17 years before the "Cultural Revolution" (referring to 1949-1966). ［16］（pp.107,193）

While recruiting college students and graduate students in an all-round way, Deng Xiaoping and others have encountered new problems. As a modern university education, should we implement a degree system? If the degree system is to be implemented, what kind of degree system will be adopted? Which system can better represent the world trend?

Implementing the degree system is an important institutional arrangement for a country to train high-level talents, and it is also a basic system generally adopted by modern countries. There are different models and practices in the world: one is the three-level degree system generally adopted by western countries, that is, the establishment of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees. In April 1935, China introduced and imitated the degree system implemented in the United States. By the time New China was founded in 1949, more than 200 people had obtained master’s degrees. The other is the two-level degree system adopted by the Soviet Union, that is, there are only doctoral and associate doctoral degrees, and there are no undergraduate degrees. Due to the influence of the Soviet higher education system after the founding of New China, the three-level degree system in western countries was no longer adopted, and only postgraduate education was implemented. Postgraduates were enrolled in 1950, and by 1965, more than 22,700 people had been enrolled.

From 1961 to 1964, the academic degree regulations drafted by Nie Rongzhen, vice premier of the State Council and director of the State Science and Technology Commission, were basically based on the Soviet model, but this regulation did not become a formal system.

When Deng Xiaoping considered what kind of degree system China was planning to build, two important figures played a key role, one was Hu Qiaomu, and the other was Jiang Nanxiang. This is related to the fact that they all studied in Tsinghua University and understood the western degree system.

Jiang Nanxiang, Minister of Education, personally presided over the drafting of the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Draft), which was adopted in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on February 12, 1980 and came into force on January 1, 1981. In this regard, Jiang Nanxiang explained that the proposed academic degree regulations adopted a three-level academic degree system, so as to communicate with the internationally accepted academic degree system, which is conducive to sending international students and international academic exchanges. The proposed degree system has China characteristics: First, we must adhere to the socialist orientation. We should promote the growth of "red and specialized" senior professionals through the degree system, and ask different degree applicants to support the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and the socialist system. Second, we must emphasize the principle of combining theory with practice. Degree applicants at all levels should not only reach a considerable academic level in the basic theory and expertise of this subject, but also have the corresponding ability to solve practical problems, and neither of them can be neglected. Third, we must implement the principle of quality first, and our country’s degree system should be worthy of the name.

From July 26th to August 2nd, 1981, the first meeting of the Discipline Appraisal Committee of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee awarded 805 doctoral programs in China, which could instruct 1,143 doctoral tutors. There are 2,957 professional programs that award master’s degrees. ［16］（p.460）

Seven, Deng Xiaoping proposed to send students abroad.

On August 8, 1977, Deng Xiaoping presided over the symposium on science and education, and put forward the idea of sending people to study abroad for the first time. ［11］（p.179）

On June 22, 1978, Deng Xiaoping Tong Fangyi, Jiang Nanxiang, Liu Xiyao, etc. talked and suggested that it is worthwhile to spend more money on increasing the number of overseas students. This is one of the important ways to achieve quick results in five years and improve China’s scientific level. [11] (P.331) reflects Deng Xiaoping’s strategic vision of cultivating high-end talents.

On July 10th, Deng Xiaoping met with Frank Press, Science and Technology Advisor to the President of the United States and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Press hopes that this trip will lay the foundation for China and the United States to sign agreements on agricultural exchanges, space technology and exchanges between international students and scholars, and he also suggests to Deng Xiaoping that China send 20-30 students to study in the United States. To Press’s complete surprise, Deng Xiaoping suggested that the United States accept 700 science students from China, and the goal in the next few years is tens of thousands. Press immediately called President Carter, woke him up from his sleep at 3 am, and asked him to approve China to send 700 students to study in the United States, and more students would be welcome in the next few years. Later, Carter readily agreed to the Chinese request. ［18］

On August 4th, the Ministry of Education issued a notice according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 1978, the number of overseas students (including college students, advanced students and graduate students) increased to more than 3,000, mainly for studying science and engineering (including agriculture and medicine) related majors. [16] (p.142) On August 20th, Deng Xiaoping approved the Ministry of Education’s "Several Instructions on Sending Overseas Students", and agreed to send 3,000 overseas students in 1978, with the focus on advanced students and graduate students. ［11］（p.354）

At the end of August, the People’s Letters Summary reported that a student from Shanghai Hongkou Model Middle School requested to study in Japan at his own expense. Deng Xiaoping agreed to Fang Yi’s "permission" reply. [11] (P.365) So far, the way of studying abroad at one’s own expense has been opened.

In the second half of 1978, the first batch of international students from China arrived in the United States. In 1979, there were 1025 international students studying in the United States. By 1984, the number of international students had reached 14,000, two thirds of whom were studying physics, medicine and engineering. Peking University and Tsinghua University are even called "preparatory schools" for public science students studying in the United States. ［18］（p.128）

On July 16th, 1982, the State Council approved the Regulations of the Ministry of Education and other departments on studying abroad at one’s own expense, and put forward that studying abroad at one’s own expense is a channel for cultivating talents. [16] (pp.556-557) Since then, studying abroad at one’s own expense has gradually developed into the main channel for studying abroad.

Eight, Deng Xiaoping agreed to establish a postdoctoral mobile station system to cultivate high-end talents.

On May 21st, 1985, Deng Xiaoping met with Professor Li Zhengdao and his wife to exchange views on developing science and training talents. Li Zhengdao suggested to Deng Xiaoping that in order to create a favorable condition for China’s overseas researchers to return to work, more than a dozen post-doctoral mobile stations could be established as a pilot. This time, when Li Zhengdao made a presentation to Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping also specifically asked, "Why should we train postdoctoral doctors?"? When Li Zhengdao explained it, Deng Xiaoping agreed. He said: "Postdoctoral is a new thing and a new term to me. It is the first time I heard that … setting up a postdoctoral mobile station is a new method, which is very good. Combine training with use, cultivate in use, and find more advanced talents in training and use. There are too few ten postdoctoral mobile stations, and it is necessary to establish hundreds of mobile stations and become a system. " ［19］

In July 1985, China began to implement the postdoctoral system. This shows that overseas Chinese have played an important role in promoting the establishment of a modern education system in China. Deng Xiaoping’s decision has greatly promoted the establishment of high-level talent training system in China, which is a typical case of institutional change in the process of economic system reform in China.

In 1985, there were only 102 postdoctoral mobile stations in China, and by 2013, it had reached 2703. From 1985 to 2013, a total of 70,289 people left the station.

IX. Summary: Long-term Bonus of Human Capital Decision in Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13th, 1966. On the instructions of Mao Zedong, he and Liu Shaoqi made a decision to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year, and proposed to reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September 1977, after a lapse of 11 years, Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd, changed the original enrollment plan in 1977, postponed the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year again, and formally proposed to Hua Guofeng and other The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) to restore the higher education examination system, which was officially approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee (October 5, 1977).

The two decision-making processes have different historical backgrounds and decision-making mechanisms, so there are two different decision-making results, which also reflect the learning process of decision-makers in China, including the understanding and summary of success and failure, right and wrong. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, the first decision was passive, and the second was active. Without decision-making mistakes, there is no decision-making cost. Without decision-making cost, it is difficult to reach a political consensus and make a correct decision quickly.

As early as May 1977, in view of education and science and technology, which were the hardest hit areas of the "Cultural Revolution", Deng Xiaoping once imagined that after his comeback, he would pay great attention to education. We will achieve small results in five years, great results in 10 years, and great results in 15 years and 20 years. [12] It is clear that Deng Xiaoping is not only a great politician, but also a great strategist. He made a series of human capital investment decisions, such as resuming the college entrance examination, recruiting graduate students, establishing a degree system, promoting studying abroad, and setting up postdoctoral mobile stations, which are long-term and strategic decisions, and have produced long-term human capital dividends, which in turn have profoundly affected the process of reform, opening up and socialist modernization in China.

This long-term human capital dividend is as follows (see the table on the next page): compared with 1978, 2013 is equivalent to 28.8 times the number of students in colleges and universities in 1978, 164.1 times the number of graduate students and 481.3 times the number of students studying abroad. In addition, the author estimates that the gross enrollment rate of China University was only about 0.5% in the early 1970s, less than 1% in 1978, and reached 34.5% in 2013. That is to say, according to the gross enrollment rate of universities, in 2013, the chances of college-age population in China being admitted to universities were more than 30 times that of 1978 and more than 60 times that of the early 1970s. Compared with the United States, in 1980, the number of students in colleges and universities in China was only 1.6% of that in the United States (10.475 million). By 2005, China surpassed the United States, and by 2009, China was equivalent to 122% of that in the United States. In 1980, the number of graduate students in China (21,600) was only 1.6% of that in the United States (1,343,000); in 2007, China (1,195,000) was 52.1% of that in the United States (2,294,000); in 2013, China reached 1,790,000; it is estimated that China will surpass the United States around 2015.

This all stems from Deng Xiaoping’s strategic conception, which has not returned in May 1977. We are not only grateful to Deng Xiaoping, but also want to learn from Deng Xiaoping. As the Supreme Leader said when commemorating the 110th anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s birth, "We should learn from his far-sighted strategic thinking when commemorating Comrade Deng Xiaoping", "We have gained insight into the development trend at home and abroad and made a series of major strategic decisions concerning the long-term development of the cause of the party and the state and the future and destiny of socialism". ［20］

Deng Xiaoping’s decision on human capital investment is the most typical successful case. His far-sighted strategic thinking has not only become a long-term dividend for China’s human capital investment, but also the most precious political wealth for future generations.

Source: Compilation of Statistical Data of 60 Years in New China, China Statistics Publishing House, 2010, pp. 72-75; Statistical Abstract of China in 2014, China Statistics Publishing House, 2014, pp. 153-154.

Note: The two sets of data compared between 2013 and 1978 are calculated by the author according to the above data.

[Reference]

[1] Hu Angang: "China: Towards the 21st Century", China Environmental Science Press, 1991, pp. 174, 180 and 183.

[2] China Statistical Yearbook 1984, China Statistics Publishing House, 1984, p. 484.

[3] Hu Angang, Wang Hongchuan and Yan Yilong: Modernization of China: Human Resources and Education (1949 ~ 2030), Research on Education Development, No.1, 2015.

[4] "Selected Important Documents Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China" Volume 1, Central Literature Publishing House, 1992, p. 11.

[5] History of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Higher Education Press and People’s Publishing House, 2013, p. 173.

[6] Biography of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976) Volume II, Central Literature Publishing House, 2003, p. 1404.

[7] Mao Zedong Manuscripts Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China, Volume 11, Central Literature Publishing House, 1996, p. 96.

[8] Chronicle of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976), Volume 5, Central Literature Publishing House, 2013, p. 593.

[9] He Dongchang, editor-in-chief: "Important Educational Literature in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (1949 ~ 1997)", Hainan Publishing House, 1998, p. 1403.

[10] World Bank Economic Mission: "China: Development of Socialist Economy", China Financial and Economic Press, 1983, p. 92.

[11] The Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 227.

[12] Gu Weiming: "The initial brewing of the resumption of the college entrance examination system in 1977", "Research on Contemporary China History" No.5, 2003.

[13] Yang Shengqun and Chen Jin, editor-in-chief: "Historical Turning Point 1977 ~ 1978", Life, Reading and Knowledge Joint Publishing Company, 2009, p. 49.

［14］? Yearbook of Deng Xiaoping Thought (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2011, p. 59.

[15] Zhang Shujun and Gao Xinmin, editor-in-chief: Historical Archives of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China Economic Publishing House, 1998, p. 412.

[16] Xu Dashen, editor-in-chief: "A Record of People’s Republic of China (PRC)" Volume 4, Jilin People’s Publishing House, 1994, p. 57.

[17] Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, China National Museum: Historical Records of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2009,Page 361.

[18] [America] Fu Gaoyi: "Deng Xiaoping and China’s Opening to the Outside World: Sino-US Relations from 1977 to 1979", edited by Zhu Jiamu: "Contemporary China"And its Development Path —— Proceedings of the Second International Forum on Contemporary China History, Contemporary China Press, 2010, p.Page 127.

[19] Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2004, p. 976.

[20] Supreme Leader: Speech at the Symposium to Commemorate the 110th Anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s Birth (August 20, 2014), People’s Daily.August 21, 2014.

[Author] Hu Angang, Professor, School of Public Administration, Tsinghua University.

　Source of the article: Research on Contemporary China History

Source of data: Shenzhen Cross-border E-commerce Association’s creativity/photo courtesy

Securities Times reporter Chen Xiachang

A few yuan a set of wearable nail art, a baby cloth book in 10 yuan, an electronic watch in 20 yuan, and solar outdoor lighting in 300 yuan … These are the products displayed by many merchants at the "Cross-border E-commerce+Industry Belt" activity site in Guangdong Province recently. On the same day, hundreds of cross-border e-commerce sellers and cross-border e-commerce platforms conducted face-to-face docking.

On-site merchants told the Securities Times that most of these goods will be sold around the world through cross-border e-commerce platforms. The cross-border e-commerce channel monopolized by Amazon a few years ago is now being replaced by many Chinese cross-border e-commerce platforms such as AliExpress and SHEIN.

According to data released by the General Administration of Customs, the import and export of cross-border e-commerce in China in the first quarter was 577.6 billion yuan, an increase of 9.6%. After years of development, cross-border e-commerce, a new format, together with general trade and processing trade, constitutes three major trade modes in China and has become a new kinetic energy to stimulate foreign trade growth. While the scale of cross-border e-commerce has expanded, a number of new-generation cross-border e-commerce platforms have developed rapidly in overseas markets and become "Chinese forces" that cannot be ignored. Nowadays, these cross-border e-commerce platforms have been expanding their global market share and become a new choice for global consumers to shop.

Why did the Chinese e-commerce platform rise?

Among many cross-border e-commerce platforms, the TikTok Shop launched by SHEIN, Pinduoduo’s Temu, AliExpress and ByteDance’s TikTok is the most eye-catching, and is called "Four Little Dragons" by the industry.

According to the report released by the market analysis organization Data.ai at the beginning of the year, SHEIN won the global shopping APP download champion again in 2023. On this list, Temu and AliExpress ranked second and ninth. Amazon, the American e-commerce giant, ranked third.

Before 2020, the overseas cross-border e-commerce platform represented by Amazon will become the first choice for sellers in China with a large number of overseas users. But Amazon’s massive titles to China sellers changed the whole ecology. Since April, 2021, Amazon has continued to seal up the accounts of China sellers who violate the rules, and many head sellers have been closed and their funds frozen.

A seller who once opened a 3C store in Amazon told reporters that he violated Amazon’s relevant policies by guiding users to evaluate products, and the store was finally closed by Amazon.

Then he turned to Ali’s AliExpress, and the effect was good. Next, he plans to open a shop in Temu, hoping to return to the American market.

Although the large-scale titles of Amazon have improved the standardization of the whole industry, it has also made many China sellers realize that they can’t put all their eggs in one basket. They urgently need to find a new platform to share risks.

In 2022, Temu and TikTok Shop were established successively. SHEIN, which has been operating overseas for many years under its own brand, was officially opened to third-party sellers, attracting third-party sellers to join and rapidly expanding its scale. Together with Alibaba AliExpress, which has been operating in Europe and America for many years, the Chinese cross-border e-commerce platform entered the field of vision of China sellers.

"Four Little Dragons" have their own characteristics.

The "four little dragons" can rise rapidly, and each has its own "trick".

Temu, which was established in September, 2022, became a shining star in the cross-border e-commerce industry with its parent company, Pinduoduo, who has been deeply involved in the field of affordable e-commerce for many years, and with ultra-low-priced goods and generous advertising promotion.

"Cheap" is Temu’s trademark. According to a report from JPMorgan Chase, according to the statistics of randomly selected commodities, the average price advantage of Temu is less than 20% for high-priced/brand commodities with a price higher than $30, and the average price discount of Temu is more than 50% for commodities with a price lower than $10.

According to the data of the third-party organization Sensor Tower, from September 2022 to November 2023, the global download volume of Temu exceeded 300 million times. In 2023, Temu successively entered the markets of Southeast Asia, Japan and South Korea, and launched sites in Korea, Mexico, Chile, Israel and Malaysia.

"In terms of the global business of the Group, Temu has entered 50 countries and regions since it was launched in September 2022." At the fourth quarter performance exchange meeting in Pinduoduo in 2023, Chen Lei, Chairman and Co-CEO of Pinduoduo, revealed.

Another trump card of Temu is to take the lead in adopting the full custody mode for platform sellers, that is, the merchants are only responsible for loading the goods, and the platform is responsible for the whole process from product selection to performance to sales.

Ning Fujie, an analyst at Zheshang Securities, believes that the full custody mode basically solves the problems of gray production, empty packages and fake goods. For sellers, full custody is also a way with the lowest cost of measuring money and trial and error. Under the strict price comparison, horse racing and marketing mechanism, the purchase price of Temu is lower than that of major platforms.

Compared with the birth of Temu, the veteran e-commerce company SHEIN is telling more new stories.

Founded in 2012, SHEIN mainly sells women’s fast fashion related categories in overseas markets. In the domestic market, SHEIN has always been a very low-key presence. It was not until the epidemic period that overseas users accelerated online consumption, the frequent appearance of SHEIN on foreign APP download lists, and its repeated breakthroughs in valuation attracted domestic attention. At present, SHEIN has developed into a super unicorn enterprise with a valuation of more than 60 billion US dollars.

Yang Renwen, director of Guohai Securities Research Institute, believes that SHEIN’s rise in overseas markets lies in its "flexible supply chain+high-frequency innovation and cost performance+public and private domain marketing". SHEIN’s operation process is that the back-end data center quickly updates and tests products according to big data analysis, and the supplier adopts the mode of small order and quick reaction, and quickly responds according to the sales situation of goods, chasing orders for explosive products, or modifying and retesting non-explosive products, relying on this efficient iterative rhythm to maintain the output of explosive products. In addition, the company’s marketing method of combining public and private domains not only ensures the acquisition of new customers, but also promotes user activity and realizes the long-term growth of brand value.

Since 2023, SHEIN has continuously deepened its platformization strategy, faced the global market, invited more third-party sellers to settle in, and gradually formed a "self-operated brand+platform" dual-engine development model.

The relevant person in charge of SHEIN told the reporter that unlike the traditional e-commerce platform, SHEIN emphasized the deepening of the platform model, including agency operation and independent operation. Under the agent operation mode (similar to the full custody mode of Temu), SHEIN provides one-stop empowerment and services, including commodity operation, warehousing, logistics, customer service and after-sales. In the autonomous operation mode, sellers can operate independently, including self-management of product selection, shelving, marketing strategy, sales, inventory, logistics, etc. SHEIN proposed to support brand building by relying on platform resources and brand influence.

Shenzhen Cross-border E-commerce Association has analyzed the advantages of the "Four Little Dragons" and the traditional giant Amazon. The association believes that AliExpress is outstanding in logistics, market and user coverage; SHEIN is a fast fashion company. Its main advantages are a strong digital supply chain system and a large number of young users and brand loyalty accumulated in the early stage. TikTok Shop has TikTok’s global mass user base, which stimulates users to place orders through short videos to plant grass products and live broadcast and key opinion leaders (KOL). Temu, on the other hand, focuses on the low-cost strategy, and quickly accumulates a large number of users by social fission to seize the market.

Arel, executive president of Shenzhen Cross-border E-commerce Association, said in an interview with the Securities Times that after the success of Temu’s full hosting model, the most mainstream cross-border e-commerce platform in China has embraced the full hosting model. At present, this model is continuing to be promoted and practiced in the global mainstream e-commerce platforms, which is unstoppable, greatly expanding the influence of cross-border e-commerce products in China overseas.

According to the customs statistics of Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the number of export declarations of Pinduoduo, TikTok and SHEIN3 through Shanghai Airport Port in 2023 increased by more than 10 times year-on-year.

Behind the triumphant March

Controversy continues

The Chinese-funded cross-border e-commerce platform has made great strides overseas, but it has also attracted a lot of controversy.

Take Temu as an example. Many sellers complain about Temu’s full hosting model, mainly focusing on Temu’s price reduction. Many sellers in Pinduoduo told reporters that Temu has a strict price review mechanism. If the seller’s quotation on Temu is higher than the price of similar products of domestic wholesale e-commerce company 1688, the platform will let the seller re-quote, and the subsequent goods preparation process can only be carried out after the verification price is passed. Because of the strength of the platform, most enterprises can only choose "tolerance".

In addition, under the full hosting mode, the long logistics time also restricts the development of the platform.

Deng Wenhui, an analyst at Guolian Securities, believes that the price advantage of Temu in full custody mode is obvious compared with Amazon, but the logistics timeliness is poor. According to her sampling survey on the prices of various commodities on the two platforms of Temu and Amazon, the prices of commodities with less than $10 on Temu platform and similar commodities on Amazon platform are about 2-3 times that of Temu. However, in terms of delivery timeliness, according to the official disclosure of Temu, it takes about 8-12 days for free standard delivery and 5-9 days for fast delivery of fees. Because Amazon has a local warehouse to stock up in advance and a strong logistics system, the delivery time in the United States only takes about 2 ~ 3 days.

The rapid development of Chinese-funded cross-border e-commerce platforms has inevitably moved the "cakes" of many national local platforms.

Taking South Korea as an example, the development of both AliExpress and Temu in the Korean market has shown a strong growth trend this year. As of March, the users of the two platforms in Korea were 8.88 million and 8.3 million respectively, second only to the Korean e-commerce giant Coupang. However, according to Yonhap News Agency, relevant Korean institutions are investigating the collection and use of personal information on cross-border e-commerce platforms in China. Previously, AliExpress had been inspected by KFTC, the Korean antitrust regulator, because of the increase in consumer complaints in Korea. There are indications that the South Korean government is stepping up its supervision of cross-border e-commerce platforms, which can be regarded as a protective measure for domestic enterprises to some extent.

Arel suggested that in 2024, cross-border e-commerce sellers should pay more attention to and invest in new global markets such as Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Russia, Africa and Latin America. Compared with the European and American markets with many sellers and fierce competition, emerging markets with rapid growth and great potential in 2024 will bring new performance growth points to cross-border sellers. In addition, with the sharp increase in compliance costs in Europe, Brazil, Southeast Asia and other markets, compliance in 2024 will be the primary issue that cross-border sellers must pay attention to.

1905 movie network news 　The sci-fi animated film, which was adapted from runaway comic script, produced by first-class foreign teams and dubbed by teachers Feng Yuanzheng and Shi Banyu, was released nationwide on July 19th. As early as last year, Future Machine City was bought by Netflix (Netflix), a global streaming media giant, for overseas distribution rights at a record high price. At the same time, it has also been nominated for the Annie Award, which is known as the "animated Oscar", and competed with other outstanding works such as Superman Attack Team 2.

At the beginning of this year, at the award ceremony of "2018kidscreen awards" known as "Children’s Oscar", "Future Robot" won two awards, namely, the best cartoon and the best design. Such bright results made the film get high attention before it was released, and it became the most anticipated animated film this summer. At present, the film has been shown in national cinemas.

The perfect combination of reality and imagination, retro futuristic style is amazing.

"Future Machine City" tells a touching story of a little girl and a robot taking risks side by side and gaining growth in the future world. Today, the film released a special overseas production. In the video, director Joe Casad and Joe Ksander expressed their love for the work "Future Machine City" in front of the camera. "Future Machine City" discusses the meaning of loneliness, how to find your own friends, how to face the problems in the growth process, and the aerial atrix picture of the robot, which is a perfect combination of plot and picture. "

In the movie, the setting of the future city "Midu" is very amazing. The endless skyscrapers, buildings with both Chinese and western characteristics, and the design of articles are bizarre but based on reality, which makes the audience feel surprised while watching and feel deja vu. Director Joe Casad explained to us that this design is called retro future wind. "Retro future is like people’s imagination of 2017 in 1978." At the same time, the smart phone we use in modern times has been replaced by the more versatile housekeeper robot "Q Bao" in "Future Machine City". Director Joe Casad said that "Q Bao is an all-round player who never leaves his body with one hand, and even spends too much time on Q Bao instead of spending time with his family." From this point of view, the setting of "Q Bao" in the film is also to allude to the social problem that modern people rely too much on electronic products and ignore the emotional communication between anyone. I have to admire the imagination and intention of the creative team.

Each robot in Future Robots has its own personality and appearance characteristics, which can make the audience feel that they are produced by different companies. At the same time, the team referred to many home machine design styles in the 1970s, such as metal edging and black plastic materials, which made the film reflect a unified "retro future style" from the whole to the details.

The design of the movie characters is careless, and the puppy bun wins the director’s favor.

In order to design a good character image, designers need to have a deep understanding of the character and experience of the character. Su Xiaomai, the protagonist, grew up in a single-parent family. She has no friends, can’t communicate with her mother and is disgusted with everything around her. Therefore, in the design of the role, the designer chooses exaggerated hairstyle and purple hair color to reflect her rebellion. The freckled face always has a world-weary expression, and the sporty clothing also makes her look more flexible and light in action. As a military robot, Robot 723 is naturally equipped with weapons. The arms, shoulders and back are all equipped with plasma cannon and laser weapons. In order to have more emotional interaction with human beings in movies, 7723 is also set as a robot that can learn, distinguish good from evil and think like us. The image prototype of Su Xiaomai’s pet dog bun is a French bulldog, and its small body is very cute. At the same time, in order to reflect its grumpy temper, the founders also specially designed a big head that is very uncoordinated with the proportion of the body. Director Kevin Adams said, "It’s really super cute. It’s simply the most popular character in the whole film." Words can’t hide their love for this role.

Two directors, Joe Casad and Kevin R. Adams, get inspiration from many live-action sci-fi movies they have seen in the past, and add their own innovations and styles to make Future Machine City different from other animated films. At the same time, they also hope to break the previous prejudice against the aesthetic differences between the East and the West and present a work that all audiences can like.

In the special edition, Joe Casad said that in addition to the visual effects, the film also has a very emotional part in the plot. "This is a movie that I have always wanted to do." The film contains the affection between Mai and his mother, the friendship with the robot 7723, and the elements of action and comedy. The director Joe Casad said happily, "We can finally tell a story about this. Director Kevin R. Adams also expressed the hope that this work would make the audience resonate with laughter and screaming.

The film "Future Machine City" began to be planned in 2014, and the script was revised for more than 100 versions before and after, and it was not finalized until 2016. The production special of this exposure also shows us the first-class level and attentive attitude of the behind-the-scenes team. With the help of science and technology, the film finally presents us with a touching story with oriental family style. The problems about "family" and "companionship" reflected in the film are very profound and worth thinking about by every parent.

　　【Struggle for youth and no regrets. 】

　　Guangming Daily reporter chenchen Gaoping Guangming Net reporter Dong Dazheng

　　"This strawberry tomato is crisp, sweet and sour, which is the taste of my childhood!"

　　On September 23rd, China Farmers Harvest Festival, Qi Xiaojing, the "most beautiful grass-roots college graduate", was busy broadcasting live in the early morning. What she introduced is the main variety of the Zhanyi Planting Professional Cooperative in Keyou Qianqi, Inner Mongolia.

　　In the lens, the freshly picked strawberry and tomato are orange and attractive, and the navel of the fruit is surrounded by a unique green color. When you open it, the flesh is full and the juice is overflowing. At this end, the fruit has just filled a box; At that end, customers have placed orders.

　　Standing in the vegetable greenhouse, Qi Xiaojing’s wheat complexion face is full of joy of harvest. When the reporter asked about her 12-year experience in returning home, the Mongolian girl said affectionately:

　　"I just want to do something for the countryside!"

　　Qi Xiaojing (first from right) looks at the growth of strawberries in the greenhouse. Bright picture

　　From university student village official to cooperative founder

　　The first college student who passed the exam in the village has returned to the countryside!

　　In 2009, Qi Xiaojing, who graduated from Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, returned to his hometown of Keyou Qianqi and became a college student village official in Horqin Town.

　　This "return" fried the pot in the village. "I finally went to a big city and went back to the poor nest!" "The university is in vain, and it is promising to go back to the countryside!" The villagers don’t understand, and my father is even more angry.

　　"The fathers were afraid of poverty, but I am not afraid." Qi Xiaojing explained clearly, "I didn’t go out to escape from poor villages, but to come back and help the villagers get rid of poverty!"

　　The countryside is vast, and there are too many things to do! Where should we start? Qi Xiaojing made up his mind: "First, do a good job as a village official and see more, learn more and learn more."

　　At the end of 2012, Qi Xiaojing went to Liaoning with the team to inspect facility agriculture. At the age of 28, she walked into the vegetable greenhouse for the first time. "You can still pay in the field in winter!" Looking at the shed full of peppers, she kept saying, "If only this could be promoted in our place. Can’t just be a cat in winter! "

　　In 2013, when the four-year village official expired, Qi Xiaojing began to implement his own business plan — — Rent a greenhouse to grow vegetables. She knows that ordinary people are the most practical. "If you do a good job and earn money, people are naturally willing to work with you."

　　"It’s better to hold a group than to do it alone!" In May 2014, Qi Xiaojing started a cooperative with four former university student village officials. High-spirited young people got together and wanted to give the cooperative a bright name.

　　"Look, what is the wing word apart?" Through the chatter of discussion, JiXiaoJing slapped the table, "does it represent za ‘ Feather ’ College students with growing wings have ‘ Tian ’ Land, ‘ Total ’ Sweat together … … Call ‘ Spreading wings ’ How about it? "

　　"That’s great! We just want to soar in the vast rural areas! " Someone answered the phone right away.

　　They decided to plant strawberries and pick them, which was a precedent in the local area. Selecting seedlings, ridging, planting and fertilizing … … Little friends can’t wait to live in a shed.

　　After a long time, Qi Xiaojing’s one-year-old daughter was left unattended. "Then let the baby grow up with strawberries!" As a result, the little girl who just can walk is like a little tail every day. She staggers into the shed with the adults, grabs the clogs and can play for a day, and when she lies down in the ridge, she becomes a famous baby in the shed.

　　In December 2014, strawberries opened, but because they didn’t pay attention to publicity in the early stage, which customers came to the door at this time? Young people with lively minds thought, "What mode of transmission is fast and wide? Internet! " They rushed to record videos and advertised on WeChat and QQ.

　　The business hasn’t come yet, and the criticism has come first. Tucao’s "friends circle into advertising space" is there, and it is also directly blacked out. Qi Xiaojing encouraged his friends: "Selling agricultural products is the biggest problem, and we just want to find a way!"

　　Slowly, some friends began to help forward recommendations. In a strawberry season, customers saved a lot.

　　"Online sales are the right way!" Qi Xiaojing is preparing to make a big show, but the reality has made her "shudder" — — Some of the four friends want to get married, some children want to go to school, and one by one they leave.

　　"I’m a little disappointed, but I’m determined about my choice." Tidying up his mood, Qi Xiaojing transferred his friends’ greenhouses and continued to develop new members.

　　Over the past few years, the cooperative has 31 members, all its products have been sold online, and its annual income has exceeded 3 million yuan.

　　From "Giving Chicken Back to Egg" to "Ordering into the Courtyard"

　　With the cooperatives getting better and better, Qi Xiaojing put more energy into precision poverty alleviation.

　　"Poor households are mostly elderly and weak laborers, and they are not suitable for joining the society. How can poverty alleviation be effective?" Thinking hard, she suddenly remembered that many customers love to ask when they buy food: "Do we sell local chicken here?"

　　"Yes! Raising chickens does not consume physical strength, and it is not suitable for poor households! " Just do it, Qi Xiaojing boldly experimented with the model of "giving chickens back to eggs".

　　"What do you mean ‘ Give the chicken back to the egg ’ ？” The poor households who heard the news came to inquire.

　　"You bring hens from me for free, 20 in each group, and 25 eggs in each group, and then the chickens will be yours."

　　"Is there such a good thing?" The villagers whisper, some are tempted, and some have doubts. "Can you support those who don’t know much about technology?"

　　"Rest assured! Cooperatives provide free feeding and disease prevention technology. " Qi Xiaojing guarantees everyone.

　　"After each chicken has finished 25 eggs, do you still care about the regenerated eggs?" Asked the cautious fellow villager.

　　"Tube, bring it all, I will recycle it at the reserve price of one yuan!"

　　"So good? Anyway, don’t spend money, try to raise it. " I don’t know who shouted a voice in the crowd.

　　"Yes!" Spread out the contracts one by one, sign them, and lead the chickens!

　　Before long, the villagers came to return the eggs one after another! There is also an aunt who comes every few days just to talk to Qi Xiaojing about how much her chickens have grown up.

　　Qi Xiaojing then introduced two poverty alleviation models: "Give chickens back" — — Poor households receive 20 chicks in each group in spring, and return her two big chickens at the end of the year, and the rest are not less than those collected in 80 yuan; "Give pigs back to meat" — — Give fragrant pigs to poor households, and after 5 months, she will buy them back at a price of not less than 18 yuan per catty.

　　What warms Qi Xiaojing’s heart most is a particularly cold winter day. That day, she went out and returned to the cooperative. Uncle Wang Xilin, who had been waiting at the door for a long time, was flushed with cold.

　　"Uncle Wang chose ‘ Give the chicken back ’ Because of negligence, the chicken was sent to him, but I forgot to sign the contract. " Qi Xiaojing said, "As a result, Uncle Wang rode an electric car for more than 20 kilometers in cold weather to return the chicken, but he just didn’t want to give me more money."

　　The simplicity of the villagers made Qi Xiaojing more energetic, and she then launched the "order into the courtyard" poverty alleviation model. In recent years, she has driven 4 Sumu townships, 15 villages and 367 villagers in Keyouqianqi to get rich.

　　In February of this year, Qi Xiaojing won the title of "National Advanced Individual for Poverty Alleviation".

　　From taking the lead in starting a business to incubating talents

　　In Inner Mongolia in autumn, the sky is particularly blue, and white clouds are spread far away one after another. During the interview, Qi Xiaojing took the reporter to Aobao, which overlooks the whole town. "Isn’t the scenery in our new countryside beautiful?" She said.

　　At that time, Qi Xiaojing left his hometown with the tuition fees collected by the villagers. The tractor carrying her was leaving, and an aunt forced a small cloth bag into her arms. On the road, she bumped into the bag and opened it. A few badly rubbed bills came into view, and her tears flowed down at that time.

　　When she arrived at the university, with a poverty certificate, she applied for a national student loan, and with a scholarship, she was able to complete her four-year study.

　　When she first started her business, she needed money to rent a shed and buy seedlings. It was a college student entrepreneurship loan from the Banner Employment Bureau, which helped her solve the urgent need.

　　You need a guarantor to get a loan. A town cadre who is not too familiar not only guarantees her, but also lends her 20,000 yuan … …

　　Recalling these past events, Qi Xiaojing’s eyes flashed with tears: "I am grateful to this society and I have to repay this land."

　　In 2018, Qi Xiaojing had a new identity — — Director of Horqin Town Local Talent Incubation Center. From taking the lead in starting a business to incubating talents, this is exactly what she wants to do. The center has set up three training bases to bring together more than 50 young talents scattered in various villages to facilitate the sharing of resources and information. Every week, Qi Xiaojing will organize training and practice on different topics to familiarize young people with policies and agricultural technologies. Last year, eight people in the center joined the party and three people joined the village "two committees" team.

　　"Qi Jie has no reservations and is bent on bringing us out." The young people in the incubation center respect her.

　　"This prostitute is bright and smart, and she works with her, saving her heart and making more money." The fellow villagers praised her.

　　"She, a college student, changed the villagers’ original planting ideas, solved the problem of difficult selection and sales, and changed more than one village." The town cadres praised her.

　　"She is a Mongolian horse spirit who dares to fight and fight, and she lives a full and happy life." Friends envy her.

　　What about Qi Xiaojing himself? What she always thinks about is "doing something for the countryside".

　　"Rural revitalization requires more young people with knowledge and ability. I hope that more and more young people will make the same choice as me! " Qi Xiaojing, who was low-key and modest, was rude at the end of the interview.

　　Dedicate your youth to your hometown, which is worth it!

　　Guangming daily commentator

　　How did the first college student who flew out of the village fall back into the countryside? The opposition and incomprehension of others can’t stop Qi Xiaojing from feeding back his hometown. Who said that college students should stay in the city? There is much to be done in the countryside, and birds returning to the countryside can fly even higher.

　　Planting greenhouses with dolls, catching up with the wind, engaging in e-commerce, and "giving chickens and eggs back" to help get rid of poverty … … In the past 12 years, the initial intention of "I just want to do something for the countryside" has remained unchanged. Qi Xiaojing took root like a big tree and proved with numerous branches and leaves that this land will always give back when sweat is sprinkled in the vast countryside.

　　Qi Xiaojing found the meaning of flying and the value of pursuing, and also proved his choice: to dedicate his youth to his hometown, which is worth it!

　　With the support of policies, more and more college graduates, like Qi Xiaojing, chose to return home to start businesses. They use their knowledge, technology, vision and ideas to bring vitality and vigor to the countryside, and also harvest the infinite possibilities of youth and a hot life.

　　The horn of rural revitalization has sounded. Go to the grass roots, go to the countryside, the vast world and beautiful scenery are waiting for young people who are eager to "spread their wings" to soar!

　　CCTV News:According to the website of the National Bureau of Statistics, 1-mdash; In February, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size actually increased by 2.4% year-on-year. From the ring comparison, in February, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 0.12% compared with the previous month.

　　Divided into three categories, 1-mdash; In February, the added value of the mining industry increased by 4.7% year-on-year, the manufacturing industry increased by 2.1%, and the electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industries increased by 2.4%.

　　By economic type, 1-mdash; In February, the added value of state-owned holding enterprises increased by 2.7% year-on-year; Joint-stock enterprises increased by 4.3%, while foreign and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan invested enterprises decreased by 5.2%; Private enterprises increased by 2.0%.

　　By industry, 1-mdash; In February, the added value of 22 of the 41 major industries maintained a year-on-year growth. Among them, coal mining and washing industry increased by 5.0%, oil and natural gas mining industry increased by 4.2%, agricultural and sideline food processing industry increased by 0.3%, wine, beverage and refined tea manufacturing industry decreased by 0.3%, textile industry decreased by 3.5%, chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry increased by 7.8%, nonmetallic mineral products industry increased by 0.7%, ferrous metal smelting and calendering industry increased by 5.9%, and nonferrous metal smelting and calendering industry increased by 6.7%. General equipment manufacturing decreased by 1.3%, special equipment manufacturing increased by 3.9%, automobile manufacturing decreased by 1.0%, railway, ship, aerospace and other transportation equipment manufacturing increased by 9.7%, electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing increased by 13.9%, computer, communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing decreased by 2.6%, and power and heat production and supply industries increased by 2.3%.

　　By product, 1— In February, the output of 269 products out of 620 products increased year-on-year. 206.23 million tons of steel, up 3.6% year-on-year; 198.55 million tons of cement, down by 0.6%; Ten kinds of nonferrous metals reached 11.92 million tons, an increase of 9.8%; 5.08 million tons of ethylene, down 1.7%; There were 3.653 million vehicles, down by 14.0%, including 970,000 new energy vehicles, up by 16.3%; Power generation was 1,349.7 billion kWh, an increase of 0.7%; The processing volume of crude oil was 116.07 million tons, an increase of 3.3%.

　　1— In February, the product sales rate of industrial enterprises was 95.8%, down 1.7 percentage points year-on-year; Export delivery value of industrial enterprises reached 2,161.4 billion yuan, a nominal decrease of 4.9% year on year.

On May 26th, iQiyi (NASDAQ:IQ) released its unaudited financial report for the first quarter as of March 31st, 2022. The financial report shows that iQiyi’s revenue in the first quarter was 7.3 billion yuan, of which membership service revenue was 4.5 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 4%. The daily average number of subscribed members was 101.4 million, a net increase of 4.4 million compared with the fourth quarter of last year. Based on non-GAAP financial indicators, the operating profit was 330 million yuan, and the profit rate was 4%, which increased for three consecutive quarters and achieved quarterly profit for the first time.

Gong Yu, founder and CEO of Aiqiyi, said at the earnings conference call that day: "We realized the non-GAAP operating profit for the first time this quarter. This proves the effectiveness and strong execution ability of the company’s new strategy. I am very happy to see that this quarter’s performance exceeded expectations. "

Earlier, when releasing the financial reports for the fourth quarter and the whole year of 2021, Gong Yu announced that this year’s goal is to achieve breakeven at the operational level of non-GAAP for the whole year, and to achieve breakeven at the operational level of non-GAAP for the quarter as soon as possible.

Gong Yu explained that iQiyi achieved positive quarterly operating profit ahead of schedule through four major measures, including: the newly launched head content in the first quarter consolidated iQiyi’s market leading position, which brought growth to the membership size and monthly average single member income (ARM); Further improve operational efficiency through refined content scheduling and content promotion; Control costs and expenses while continuing to provide users with quality services; Further improve the sales ability through various ways.

Q1 explosion drama "In the World"

Gong Yu believes that Iqiyi’s performance in the first quarter is replicable, and will continue to implement the current operation strategy in the next few quarters, and believes that it will continue to achieve ideal results. He said that he is full of confidence in the future layout in terms of high-quality content; In terms of efficiency management, we will maintain the current streamlined and efficient organizational structure and continue to focus on improving efficiency.

Double growth of membership size and revenue, positive quarterly operating profit ahead of schedule.

In the first quarter, the membership business maintained steady growth, which provided strong support for the overall performance of iQiyi to exceed expectations. In the first quarter, membership service revenue was 4.5 billion yuan, up 4% year-on-year and 9% quarter-on-quarter. This indicator has increased year-on-year for nine consecutive quarters. The average number of subscribed members in the first quarter was 101.4 million, a net increase of 4.4 million compared with the previous quarter. In the quarter, ARM was RMB 14.69, up 8% year-on-year and 4% quarter-on-quarter. As of the first quarter of 2022, ARM has achieved year-on-year growth of 8% and above for five consecutive quarters.

This quarter, iQiyi focused on attracting users through high-quality new content, retaining users through rich and varied film library content, and adopting various operational measures to improve user loyalty and brand awareness. These measures were widely recognized by users and helped to consolidate the membership base, which in turn turned into stronger liquidity.

In the same period, the operational efficiency of the platform continued to improve. The cost continued to decline, and the revenue cost in the first quarter of 2022 was 6 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 16%; Expenditure on sales and management expenses was 740 million yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 38%.

Q1 Financial Report Partial Data

"In the past three quarters, our gross profit margin has continued to grow and reached a record high in the first quarter of 2022. At the same time, operating expenses continued to decline for three consecutive quarters. " Wang Jun, CFO of Aiqiyi, said, "Behind these figures are our unremitting efforts to improve operational efficiency and enhance business expansion, so as to better prepare for long-term development."

Rich in content reserves

Operational efficiency improvement

Long-term development and supply gradual system

In the first quarter of 2022, iQiyi continued to launch high-quality content.

The newly launched "The World", "A Picture Book of Hunting Crime" and "Heart Residence" have gained a good reputation, but also achieved a double harvest of social value and commercial value. In particular, "In the World" became a national explosion, loved by audiences of different ages and backgrounds, and attracted 25 advertisers to cooperate with the platform. In addition, high-quality content shows a good long tail effect, and these series continue to produce steady performance after the closing.

Iqiyi focuses on building content business from production to operation in a systematic way.

According to the financial report data, the content cost of iQiyi in this quarter was 4.4 billion yuan, both year-on-year and quarter-on-quarter. Gong Yu said: "Our goal is to obtain the most suitable content with the best ROI (return on investment) while maintaining the overall competitiveness and market leading position of iQiyi, and to maximize the realization with a reasonable amount of content."

Among them, iQiyi uses technology to further improve the production efficiency.

In the first quarter, the AI dubbing technology IQ-Dubbing developed by iQiyi was widely used in film dubbing, which effectively optimized the cost and promoted the revenue of long tail content. The IP development strategy of "one fish eats more" explores multiple opportunities for realizing high-quality content. The first work of iQiyi’s "Ancient Chinese City Universe" series-"The Wind Rises in Luoyang" IP has signed contracts to authorize more than 20 customers, and developed a variety of derivatives such as tide play, jewelry, clothing, food and beverage.

Stills of "The Wind Rises in Luoyang"

In terms of content storage, iQiyi has been committed to improving original production capacity, and has now established the largest and most professional producer team in the industry. Iqiyi expressed confidence in this year’s content reserves, especially the multi-core drama reserves. In the second quarter, "Dear Children" and "The Wind Rises in Longxi" were well received.

As for the impact of the epidemic, iQiyi said that due to a considerable amount of original content reserves and the operational experience accumulated in the past two years to deal with the epidemic, this round of epidemic rebound since March this year has limited impact on the content reserves of iQiyi’s future dramas.

Improving the overall content quality is the focus of iQiyi’s work. The platform will continue to introduce high-quality content, improve the quality of content, and use the advantages of the platform to build the content ecology of iQiyi.

Among them, we will continue to build content brands, strengthen the advantages of iQiyi in the vertical track through the serialization strategy of long dramas and the theatrical mode. Benefiting from rich content reserves, the platform launched a series of good works in the second quarter. At present, Dear Children, Greetings to the Qing Dynasty, The Wind Rises in Longxi and The Night Walker have received enthusiastic response from users, and the highly anticipated original TV series Life as First Seen and Police Honor will also be launched. In terms of theater, Xiaodiao Theater will broadcast the third work "Breaking Elite", and this year, Love Theater will also launch five new dramas. Variety, animation and children’s content will all launch new works under the strategy of seasonal broadcasting. For the upcoming summer file, the platform has prepared rich and diverse high-quality content, covering all core content types to meet the needs of users in different circles.

Publicity map of "Police Honor"

Iqiyi will continue to produce and distribute original films to enrich the content ecology. On April 15th, the film "Edge Walker" which was shown in major cinemas has exceeded 130 million yuan at the box office. On April 1st, Iqiyi upgraded the online movie cooperation mode, from the previous accounting according to the broadcast volume to the accounting according to the duration. The new accounting mode helps high-quality films to stand out and achieve a win-win situation for both the film and the platform.

Iqiyi Extreme Edition and overseas markets have become new growth points.

Iqiyi explores growth opportunities through new business models. In the first quarter of 2022, iQiyi Extreme Edition and overseas business continued to maintain a strong growth momentum.

Through continuous efforts to improve product and user experience, overseas business achieved steady growth in membership revenue and advertising revenue in the first quarter.

Iqiyi Extreme Edition, as a good supplement to the main station APP, maintained a strong performance in various operational indicators this quarter, with a monthly DAU of 5 million in the first quarter and over 5 million in April. The monetization mode of Iqiyi Extreme Edition is mainly based on effect advertisements, which is obviously different from the monetization mode of the main station APP based on membership subscription. The user portrait, monetization mode and content consumption behavior of iQiyi Extreme Edition are very different from those of the main station APP. The user overlap between iQiyi Extreme Edition and the main station APP decreased further in this quarter, and the DAU overlap was only about 4% in March. The consumption of the content in the library of iQiyi Extreme Edition is significantly higher than that of the main station APP, which greatly enhances the long tail value of the content in the library. Iqiyi believes that the Extreme Edition has great growth potential in terms of user scale and liquidity.

"The first quarter was a breakthrough for the company." Gong Yu believes that "the encouraging performance in the first quarter also shows that the long video industry can continuously generate operating profits. We are full of confidence in the long-term healthy development of the industry. "

Original title: "Iqiyi 2022Q1 Financial Report: First quarterly profit, net increase of members in the quarter of 4.4 million"

Read the original text

[car home Jinzhong Preferential Promotion Channel] is carrying out preferential activities in Jinzhong area, with the highest preferential margin of RMB 1,000 and the lowest starting price of RMB 77,900. If you are interested in Jetway X70M, you may wish to click "Check the car price" in the quotation form to get a higher discount.

The exterior design of Jetway X70M adopts the family-style design language of Jetway, and the front part adopts the integrated air intake grille design, which is integrated with the LED headlight groups on both sides, making the whole vehicle look more atmospheric and full of impact. The body lines are smooth and full of strength, and the overall style is steady and stylish, which fully shows the exquisiteness and luxury of Jetway X70M.

The body size of Jetway X70M is 4755mm*1885mm*1695mm, the wheelbase is 2745mm, and the front and rear wheel tracks are 1608mm and 1603mm respectively. The body lines are smooth, and the side shows the perfect combination of stability and dynamics. Equipped with 235/65 R17 tires and 17-inch rims, it not only improves the driving stability, but also gives the vehicle a fashionable and dynamic visual effect.

Jietu X70M interior adopts simple and atmospheric design style, and the layout of instrument panel and central control screen is reasonable, creating a comfortable driving environment as a whole. The center console is equipped with a 10.1-inch touch screen, which integrates various functions such as multimedia, navigation and vehicle settings, making the operation smooth and convenient. The steering wheel is made of plastic, which is simple but comfortable to hold, and supports manual adjustment up and down, which is convenient for drivers of different heights to adjust to the best position. The seat is made of fabric, which has good breathability and comfort. The main and co-pilot seats can be adjusted back and forth, providing drivers and passengers with a variety of sitting choices. The second row of seats also supports backrest adjustment, which increases the riding comfort. In addition, the rear seats can be laid down in proportion to expand the luggage space and meet various travel needs.

Jetway X70M is equipped with a 1.5T turbocharged engine, which has an output power of 156 HP and a maximum torque of 230 Nm, providing abundant power support for the vehicle. Matching it is a 6-speed manual gearbox, which makes the vehicle perform well in handling and economy.

Jietu X70M has always been favored by consumers because of its excellent performance and affordable price. Now, in order to give back to the support of the majority of riders, Jietu hereby launches a limited-time price reduction promotion, so that more consumers can easily own this cost-effective SUV. During this period, you can not only enjoy preferential prices, but also have more surprise gifts waiting for you. Opportunity is rare, so let’s act quickly, Jetway X70M, and start an extraordinary journey with you!

1905 movie network news The 27th theatrical version of Detective Conan: A Million Dollar Five-pointed Star released a new preview and a new visual poster, which will be released in Japan on April 12th, 2024. Kaito Kuroba’s treasure this time is "Japanese Dao", while Conan and Hattori Heiji will have a fierce confrontation with Kaito Kuroba.

Judging from the latest notice of the lifting of the ban, the story involves two eras. At the end of the curtain, Hijikata Toshizo (CV:), the deputy director of the newly elected group with a star-edged sword, was suddenly attacked, and the Turkish side resolutely met the enemy. After the close-up of the picture was given to the blood-soaked star-edged knife, the scene turned to modernity. In Hakodate, Hokkaido, Kaito Kuroba, who should only aim at the gem, is aiming at the "Japanese sword" this time. Conan, who wants to explore Kidd’s real intention, will join hands with Hattori Heiji to stop Kidd’s action.

Kidd, who was mumbling while staring at the knife in the rain, still didn’t seem to understand the value of the knife, but Pingji, who was chased out, had a fierce confrontation with Kidd, and it seemed to be shocked to see his true face when he cut off Kidd’s glasses.

In addition, ōoka Momiji, who claimed to be Hiraji’s fiancee and Heye were rivals in love, Okita Souji, who was Hiraji’s rival in kendo, and mysterious figures wearing fox masks also appeared. It can be predicted that love and the whole event will be full of waves in the new theatrical version.

I didn’t wait for Huawei P70 series, but waited for HarmonyOS OS 4.2 upgrade plan, which is good news for Pollen!

Recently, Huawei officially announced the HarmonyOS OS4.2 100-machine upgrade plan. This time, a total of over 180 devices can participate in the upgrade. Apart from mobile phones, tablets, smart screens, headphones and smart watches are also included. It is expected that the upgrade will be carried out in April-June. Do you have your mobile phone?

At present, Huawei Mate60 series, Huawei P60 series, Huawei Mate50 series and Huawei Pocket 2 series have all started to participate in the public beta of HarmonyOS OS4.2, and Huawei nova 12 series is expected to open the public beta in late April. The remaining models, including Huawei P50 series, Huawei P50 Pocket, Huawei P40 series, Huawei Mate40 series, etc., may be pushed back, and the public beta will be started one after another from April to June. The specific models are shown in the following table:

It is worth noting that this time, many models of Glory can also participate in the upgrade plan of HarmonyOS OS 4.2, including Glory V30 series and Glory Play4 Pro.

What are the new features of HarmonyOS OS 4.2, except that the overall performance of the system has been greatly improved and the fluency is higher? In particular, the satellite communication function of Huawei Mate60 series has also been specially adjusted, and its satellite connection speed is faster and more stable. At the same time, Huawei has strengthened the security of the system and built a perfect end-to-cloud collaborative system, which is used to monitor some potentially malicious software more comprehensively, and also has stronger identification ability for some high-risk applications and viruses, thus bringing users a cleaner, more stable and safer system environment.

The question is, should HarmonyOS OS 4.2 be upgraded? On this issue, you can look at it together with the fact that the new iOS system value is not worth upgrading! Apple’s iOS system can be said to be a "recidivist". The reason why iPhone users are worried that they will regret after upgrading is because Apple has used the iOS system to upgrade and pulled out the "nail house" model, but Huawei’s HarmonyOS OS system is different.

Every upgrade can not only improve the overall performance of the system, but also take care of many users of "nail house" models. Even the independent Glory model is within the scope of upgrading models. From this point of view, HarmonyOS OS 4.2 system is worth upgrading, and can be upgraded actively! Boldly trying and experiencing HarmonyOS OS system is also a kind of support for domestic operating system, don’t you think?

　　Data Map: mark zuckerberg, co-founder and CEO of Facebook. (Source: Getty Images)

　　Overseas Network September 10th US media reported that Ireland’s data regulator has issued a preliminary order to Facebook, asking the other party to stop transmitting relevant data of EU users to the United States.

　　According to a report quoted by the US Consumer News and Business Channel (CNBC) on the 10th, the preliminary order was issued to Facebook by the Irish Data Protection Committee (DPC) in August. Nick Clegg, Facebook’s vice president of global affairs and communications, pointed out in a blog post published on Wednesday (9th) that DPC has started to investigate Facebook’s data transmission in the European Union and the United States.

　　The report was released a few months after the European Court of Justice ruled that the data transmission standards between the EU and the United States could not fully protect the privacy of European citizens. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is the highest legal institution in the European Union. After determining that EU citizens have no effective way to counter the monitoring of the US government, the court restricted American companies from sending European user data to the United States. Theoretically, American institutions such as the National Security Agency (NSA) can ask Internet companies such as Facebook and Google to hand over data about EU citizens, while EU citizens are kept in the dark.

　　The European Court’s ruling came after Schrems, an Austrian privacy activist, filed a lawsuit based on a disclosure by Edward Snowden, who claimed that American law did not provide sufficient protection against surveillance by public authorities. Schrems filed a complaint against Facebook, which, like many other companies, is transmitting data of Schrems and other users to the US government.

　　The court ruling invalidated the EU-US privacy protection agreement, which had enabled these American Internet companies to transmit data of EU citizens across the Atlantic. After the verdict, these American Internet companies began to rely on standard contract terms (SCC) to transmit data.

　　Clegg, former British Deputy Prime Minister, said that the Irish Data Protection Committee had begun to investigate the data transmission in Europe and America controlled by Facebook, and suggested that SCC should not be used for data transmission in Europe and America in practice. If SCC cannot be used as the legal basis for data transmission, Facebook will have to cancel most of the data collected by European users. DPC may impose a fine of 4% of Facebook’s maximum annual income, or if it fails to comply with the ban, it will be fined 2.8 billion US dollars (about 19.14 billion yuan).

　　Although the order applies to Facebook, DPC may issue similar orders to other American technology giants, which may cause serious damage to its business. Clegg went on to point out that the primary task of the EU is to ensure that users, advertisers, customers and partners in Europe can continue to enjoy Facebook services while maintaining the security of their data, and that European countries will continue to transmit data in accordance with the recent ruling of the European Court of Justice until further guidance is received. He also warned that companies need to abide by clear global rules to protect transatlantic data flows for a long time. (Overseas network Hou Xingchuan)