Abstract: The modernization of education in China has always been a major strategic issue and strategic choice for the country’s development. The cognition and judgment of leaders in different periods on the reality of education have an important impact on the modernization of education. China’s educational modernization process has both successful experiences and mistakes. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, he has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13, 1966, according to the instructions of Mao Zedong, he made a decision with Liu Shaoqi to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities and reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd and proposed to restore the higher education examination system, which was approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. The second decision not only produced a long-term human capital dividend, but also profoundly affected the process of educational modernization in China, laying the foundation for a modern educational system.

China is a country with the largest population in the world, but also a country lacking in human capital. From the perspective of national modernization, more population has become a heavy burden of economic development, and less human capital has become an important constraint of economic development. In this sense, a large population is not necessarily a good thing, unless the population burden is transformed into human resources wealth. [1] Therefore, China should take human capital as the first capital, human resources as the first resource, and invest in people and develop human resources as its basic national policy. China’s modernization is essentially human modernization, and human modernization is essentially the continuous expansion and accumulation of human resources or human capital stock, which has become an increasingly important source of economic development and constitutes the ultimate foundation of national wealth (material wealth, social wealth, cultural wealth and ecological wealth). [1] (P.174) Leaders’ understanding of China’s basic national conditions directly affects the decision-making of human capital investment and the process of human capital accumulation, which in turn will affect the long-term dividend of human capital to China’s modernization development. From the past decades, China has also experienced a historical process of success first, then twists and turns, and then success, and gradually realized the transformation from a heavy population burden to a powerful country in human resources or human capital in the world. China has become the world’s largest number of students in higher education.

First, from a big country with illiteracy to a big country with modern education

In modern times, China is not only a laggard and latecomer of world modernization, but also a laggard and latecomer of educational modernization. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that modern education was introduced from the west and a national education system was established. By the time New China was founded in 1949, it had been about half a century. From the perspective of higher education, only 185,000 people in China had college education or above, accounting for 3.42% of the total population? . The number of college students in China is only 117,000. [2] At that time, about 80% of the people in the country were illiterate and semi-illiterate, and the average education period of the population over 15 years old was only 1.0 years, which was a big country full of illiteracy. ［3］

After the founding of New China, China began an unprecedented cultural construction, including "implementing universal education in a planned and step-by-step manner, strengthening secondary and higher education, and paying attention to technical education" [4].

By the mid-1960s, a relatively complete modern national education system had been established in China, and the level of human capital had been significantly improved. According to the data of the second national census in 1964, the illiteracy rate dropped to 32.3%, which was half as much as 80% in 1949. The population of junior college or above reached 2.875 million, 15.5 times that of 1949, with an average annual growth rate of 21.6% from 1949 to 1964. The average educational years of the population over 15 years old in China reached 2.6 years, equivalent to 2.6 times that of 1949. During 1949-1964, the average annual growth rate was 7.06%, which was much higher than the average annual growth rate of the total population (2.08%) in the same period. Even though higher education was seriously affected by the Great Leap Forward, the number of students in institutions of higher learning dropped from 962,000 in 1960 to 674,000 in 1965 [2] (P.483), which was still the first golden age for the development of modern education in China.

Although China’s modern national education, especially modern university education, has developed rapidly and achieved remarkable results, the basic national conditions of low level of human capital have not fundamentally changed. Compared with developed countries, in 1965, the average length of education of the population over 15 years old was 10 years in the United States, equivalent to 3.8 times that of China; It is 7.5 years in Japan, which is 2.9 times that of China. In particular, the population above junior college is quite scarce, accounting for only 0.416% of the total population (723 million people) in China. Proceeding from this basic national condition, it is necessary to continuously accelerate the modernization of national education, including the development of modern higher education.

Two, Mao Zedong from the reform of the education system to launch the "cultural revolution"

After 1965, Mao Zedong shifted the focus of "opposing and preventing revisionism" to how to prevent revisionism in the Communist Party of China (CPC), especially in the leading organs of the Party. [5] His judgment on academia and education has also changed. In March 1966, he said at the enlarged meeting in The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC): "Now, most universities, middle schools and primary schools are monopolized by people from the bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and rich land." [6] On May 7 of the same year, he reiterated this view in his letter to Lin Biao. Therefore, Mao Zedong’s proposal to reform the education system is not to change the backward situation of modern education, but to change "the phenomenon of bourgeois intellectuals ruling schools".

In fact, Mao Zedong had put forward the idea of reforming the education system before this. In 1964, Mao Zedong proposed that the education system should be reformed. "You don’t know the class struggle. How can you be a college graduate?" [7] According to Mao Zedong’s instructions, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on Organizing Liberal Arts Teachers and Students in Colleges and Universities to Participate in the Socialist Education Movement on September 11th of the same year.

Mao Zedong launched the "Cultural Revolution" with the educational front as an important breakthrough. On June 12th, 1966, Mao Zedong presided over the enlarged meeting of the CPC The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). When talking about the "Cultural Revolution", he said: "First seize power, criticize authority, and then engage in teaching reform and educational system reform. The central government should establish a high school and university entrance examination system by combining school recommendation and selection. " [8] On June 13th, according to Mao Zedong’s instructions and under the auspices of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued a notice, deciding to reform the entrance examination method for colleges and universities, calling the entrance examination method at that time "basically not jumping out of the bourgeois examination system", and decided to postpone the entrance examination for colleges and universities for half a year in 1966. In fact, it is to suspend classes for half a year for college students nationwide to engage in the "Cultural Revolution" movement.

On June 18th, People’s Daily published the decisions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, and published an editorial entitled "Do a good job in the cultural revolution thoroughly and reform the education system thoroughly". The editorial said: "The old entrance examination system has become a stumbling block to the cause of socialist education and the great proletarian cultural revolution." On June 27th, the Ministry of Higher Education issued a notice that the enrollment of graduate students in 1966 and 1967 was suspended. ［9］

On July 24th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on the Reform of Enrollment in Colleges and Universities. The circular pointed out that since liberation, although the methods of college entrance examination have been continuously improved, they have basically not jumped out of the bourgeois examination system. Decided to cancel the exam and adopt a combination of recommendation and selection. This became the method of university enrollment in the early 1970s.

However, once the "Cultural Revolution" is launched, it is difficult to proceed according to the wishes of the initiators and leaders, and it is often "the opposite direction". First, "suspension of classes and revolting" (June 1966), the enrollment of colleges and universities was stopped; Then there was "resumption of classes and revolting" (early 1967); Then, the workers’ propaganda team and the military propaganda team were assigned to colleges and universities to disperse the Red Guards (August 1968); Mobilizing junior and senior high school graduates to go to the countryside (December, 1968) was actually a way of forcibly mobilizing a large number of urban educated youth to go to the countryside, which led to the biggest interruption of human capital investment and accumulation since the founding of New China.

Third, the "Cultural Revolution" loss of human capital

The impact, interruption and even long-term impact of the "Cultural Revolution" on the accumulation process of high human capital (mainly refers to the population with college education or above) and medium human capital (refers to the population with secondary college education) was called "the biggest loss" by Deng Xiaoping, which delayed a generation.

The university stopped enrolling students for four years, and the number of students in the university dropped significantly (see attached table). It is conservatively estimated that during the "Cultural Revolution", if 1965 is taken as the base, tens of thousands of graduate students, 1 million college graduates and 2 million secondary school graduates were less trained nationwide. The actual number may be even larger, because the enrollment rate of universities or high schools in China is much lower than that of countries with the same income level. In 1979, after the college entrance examination was resumed for three consecutive years, the university enrollment rate in China was only 1.2%, which was only half of the average of other low-income countries and only a quarter of the average of developing countries. [10] In addition, the recruitment of overseas students was stopped for six years (from 1966 to 1971).

Secondary school education has also been severely impacted, with the number of students enrolled dropping, even stopping enrolling, and the number of students in school dropping sharply. In 1979, the total number of students in vocational and technical schools was only 1.4 million, far below the level in 1965; The number of students in vocational and technical schools accounts for 2.4% of the total number of students in all secondary schools, far below the average of 11% in developing countries. Part of the result of this situation is that in 1979, only 0.5% of the workforce received higher education, and only 0.9% received secondary technical or vocational education (many of them were teachers). ［10］（pp.92，93）

On October 22, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping met with a delegation from the Korean Central News Agency, he said that the Gang of Four had caused great damage in various fields, and the most damaged areas were education, science and technology. The destruction of education is not reading, which makes the scientific research team lack successors. [11] This is why Deng Xiaoping changed the original enrollment plan of colleges and universities and advocated the restoration of the unified examination system for college enrollment.

Fourth, Deng Xiaoping: Take the education front as the breakthrough of reform and opening up.

Deng Xiaoping promotes reform and opening up, and also chooses the education front as a breakthrough.

On the question of whether to restore the unified examination system for college enrollment, the focus of debate is whether to continue along the so-called "Cultural Revolution" or turn to the normal entrance examination practice that conforms to the laws and characteristics of modern education development. This is not only a dispute about the route, but also a dispute about the basic common sense of human capital investment, and it is also a livelihood event involving thousands of families. Only through social practice can we distinguish right from wrong.

As early as 1975, faced with many obstacles, Deng Xiaoping proposed to let the army take the lead and set up a National University of Defense Technology in the army to recruit students directly from high schools. On May 24, 1977, Deng Xiaoping, who had not yet officially returned, told Wang Zhen and Deng Liqun that Japan had paid attention to science and technology and education since the Meiji Restoration, and spent a lot of effort. Meiji Restoration is a reform carried out by Japan’s new bourgeoisie. As the proletariat, we should do better than them. He clearly pointed out that scientific research must be accompanied by education. He specifically mentioned that it is necessary to pass strict examinations and concentrate the best people in key middle schools and universities. He also said that if he comes out to work and is in charge of science, technology and education, he hopes that from now on, starting from primary school, he will see small results in five years, see results in 10 years, and see great results in 15 years and 20 years. ［12］

Under the direct leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the Ministry of Education has greatly improved the enrollment system of colleges and universities, changed the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution", and resumed the method of unified examination and merit-based admission.

From June 29th to July 15th, the Ministry of Education held the first symposium on college enrollment, which discussed and solved some problems such as the qualifications of students taking the college entrance examination, and put forward the enrollment plan for colleges and universities.

On July 23, Deng Xiaoping said: "Education should walk on two legs and have a focus. Universities should recruit students from workers, peasants and soldiers, and key schools can recruit students from fresh high school graduates. " [11] (P.165) He also said, "No matter how many college students you recruit, you must take the exam. If you fail the exam, you can’t take it. My children can’t pass the exam, and they can’t go through the back door. " ［13］

On July 29th, Deng Xiaoping talked about education with Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao, and proposed that "a number of key universities should be grasped, which are the centers of education and scientific research". He also proposed, "There are several issues to consider: First, whether to abolish the practice that high school graduates have to work for two years before they can go to college? Second, we must adhere to the examination system, and key schools must insist on failing to repeat grades. We should have a clear attitude towards this. Third, we should make a report outline and put forward principles, policies and measures. The relationship between education and scientific research is very close. We should pay close attention to it, start with education, and have specific measures, otherwise it will be an empty gun. " [11] (P.167) At that time, this decision caused great controversy. On August 1st, Deng Xiaoping, Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao talked about education again. He pointed out that education should be run on two legs, and schools can take various forms. The overall goal is to train a group of people as soon as possible. The fundamental plan is to start with education and primary schools, otherwise catching up will become empty talk. The number of key schools should not be too small, so we should start to designate them immediately. Walk on two legs, but with emphasis. Key universities recruit students directly from high school graduates. When compiling teaching materials, we must absorb advanced things from the world and make foreign things serve China, especially in natural science. From the beginning of teaching the most advanced things, students will be inspired to develop in a broader and deeper direction, which is promising. [11] (pp. 168 ~ 169) He also said that for those young intellectuals who have reached a higher level through self-study,It is necessary to study how and how to select them back. There are thousands of such people, so we should pay great attention to them, cherish them and do everything possible to recruit them back to college or graduate school. ［14］

On August 6th, Deng Xiaoping presided over a symposium on science and education. He proposed: "The new education system will be implemented from next year. To make preparations this year, we should determine the academic system, teaching materials, teachers, students’ sources, enrollment system, examination system and assessment system, and do a good job. Don’t make frequent changes after doing a good job. Of course, small changes are still possible. " He proposed, "Take back the original enrollment report and rewrite it according to everyone’s opinions. Enrollment involves millions of young people who go to the countryside. We should come up with a way to select outstanding talents without causing fluctuations. Key schools should recruit students in a unified way. This year, I am determined to enroll students as required, and the students recruited must meet the requirements. " ［11］（pp.175，176）

On August 8th, Deng Xiaoping firmly stated that this year, he would make up his mind to resume accepting students directly from high school graduates and stop making recommendations from the masses. Recruiting students directly from senior high school is a good way to produce talents and results early. ［11］（p.179）

From 17 August to 25 September, the Ministry of Education held another national conference on enrollment in Beijing Friendship Hotel. The enrollment targets determined by this conference were: workers, peasants, educated youths who went to the countryside and returned to their hometowns (including those who have not been assigned jobs according to the policy), demobilized soldiers, cadres and fresh high school graduates, aged about 20, but not more than 25, unmarried. Those who are rich in practical experience and have made achievements or have expertise in research can be relaxed to 30 years old, regardless of their marriage. ［15］

On August 18th, Deng Xiaoping reviewed and agreed to the "Request for Instructions on Delaying Enrollment and Freshmen’s Opening Time" submitted by the Ministry of Education. The report stated that colleges and secondary specialized schools had planned to start enrolling students in August and freshmen would start school in mid-November. According to Vice Chairman Deng’s instructions, we will greatly improve the enrollment system of colleges and universities, and the enrollment time will be postponed to the fourth quarter. Freshmen in 1977 will enter school before the end of February next year (referring to 1978), which will be postponed for three months (including winter vacation). ［11］（p.185）

On September 25th, the National Conference on Enrollment of Colleges and Universities decided to change the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution" and restore the method of unified examination and merit-based admission. ［11］（p.185）

In 1977, the college entrance examination was postponed to the fourth quarter. In December, about 5.7 million young people in China took the entrance examination for colleges and universities. The candidates were graduates from 1966 to 1977, aged between 15 and 16 and in their thirties. Colleges and universities selected 273,000 students, and the admission rate was the lowest since the founding of New China, only 4.8%. The freshmen were admitted around February 1978. ［16］

In July 1978, another 6.1 million people took the second national college entrance examination. Two recruitment examinations with a total of more than 11.8 million people set a record in the history of higher education examinations in China and even the world. [17] This fully reflects the strong desire of this generation to go to school, to be knowledgeable, and to change their own destiny. They finally got the chance to make their own choices.

This is Deng Xiaoping’s first major decision after his comeback. It took only a few months from putting forward the idea (May 1977) to making a decision (October 1977) and then implementing it (December 1977). A year later, at the end of 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that the major decision of reform and opening up was the second largest decision. The author calls this first major decision the "seed" of reform and opening-up. It was Deng Xiaoping’s decision to resume the college entrance examination, which planted the "seed" of human capital for China’s modernization, and achieved the situation of "taking root, flowering and bearing fruit" in the later reform and opening-up.

In 1982, when college students of Grade 7-7 and Grade 7-8 graduated, there were about 6.1 million people with college education, accounting for only 0.615% of the total population. By 2013, there will be about 130 million people with college degree or above in China, accounting for 9.6% of the total population, which has surpassed the total population of Japan (127 million)!

Six, resume the recruitment of graduate students, establish a degree system with China characteristics.

In 1978, it was the first year that China resumed the postgraduate system.

On August 4, 1977, Deng Xiaoping proposed that those young intellectuals who went to the countryside to reach a higher level through self-study should do everything possible to find them to come back to college or become graduate students. He also specifically mentioned that in a few years, universities should focus on training graduate students, so that researchers can grow rapidly. This is a matter of policy, so that people can get out faster. I believe that Chinese is smart and will produce a lot of talents. [11] (p.173) This shows that Deng Xiaoping is very clear that the cultivation of high-end talents needs to start with the cultivation of graduate students.

It was under the direct impetus of Deng Xiaoping that in January 1978, the Ministry of Education and the State Planning Commission formulated the national postgraduate enrollment plan. [11] (p.255) On February 28th, China Academy of Social Sciences decided to recruit graduate students for the whole country. In that year, more than 10,500 graduate students were enrolled in China. This figure is close to the total number of graduate students trained in the 17 years before the "Cultural Revolution" (referring to 1949-1966). ［16］（pp.107,193）

While recruiting college students and graduate students in an all-round way, Deng Xiaoping and others have encountered new problems. As a modern university education, should we implement a degree system? If the degree system is to be implemented, what kind of degree system will be adopted? Which system can better represent the world trend?

Implementing the degree system is an important institutional arrangement for a country to train high-level talents, and it is also a basic system generally adopted by modern countries. There are different models and practices in the world: one is the three-level degree system generally adopted by western countries, that is, the establishment of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees. In April 1935, China introduced and imitated the degree system implemented in the United States. By the time New China was founded in 1949, more than 200 people had obtained master’s degrees. The other is the two-level degree system adopted by the Soviet Union, that is, there are only doctoral and associate doctoral degrees, and there are no undergraduate degrees. Due to the influence of the Soviet higher education system after the founding of New China, the three-level degree system in western countries was no longer adopted, and only postgraduate education was implemented. Postgraduates were enrolled in 1950, and by 1965, more than 22,700 people had been enrolled.

From 1961 to 1964, the academic degree regulations drafted by Nie Rongzhen, vice premier of the State Council and director of the State Science and Technology Commission, were basically based on the Soviet model, but this regulation did not become a formal system.

When Deng Xiaoping considered what kind of degree system China was planning to build, two important figures played a key role, one was Hu Qiaomu, and the other was Jiang Nanxiang. This is related to the fact that they all studied in Tsinghua University and understood the western degree system.

Jiang Nanxiang, Minister of Education, personally presided over the drafting of the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Draft), which was adopted in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on February 12, 1980 and came into force on January 1, 1981. In this regard, Jiang Nanxiang explained that the proposed academic degree regulations adopted a three-level academic degree system, so as to communicate with the internationally accepted academic degree system, which is conducive to sending international students and international academic exchanges. The proposed degree system has China characteristics: First, we must adhere to the socialist orientation. We should promote the growth of "red and specialized" senior professionals through the degree system, and ask different degree applicants to support the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and the socialist system. Second, we must emphasize the principle of combining theory with practice. Degree applicants at all levels should not only reach a considerable academic level in the basic theory and expertise of this subject, but also have the corresponding ability to solve practical problems, and neither of them can be neglected. Third, we must implement the principle of quality first, and our country’s degree system should be worthy of the name.

From July 26th to August 2nd, 1981, the first meeting of the Discipline Appraisal Committee of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee awarded 805 doctoral programs in China, which could instruct 1,143 doctoral tutors. There are 2,957 professional programs that award master’s degrees. ［16］（p.460）

Seven, Deng Xiaoping proposed to send students abroad.

On August 8, 1977, Deng Xiaoping presided over the symposium on science and education, and put forward the idea of sending people to study abroad for the first time. ［11］（p.179）

On June 22, 1978, Deng Xiaoping Tong Fangyi, Jiang Nanxiang, Liu Xiyao, etc. talked and suggested that it is worthwhile to spend more money on increasing the number of overseas students. This is one of the important ways to achieve quick results in five years and improve China’s scientific level. [11] (P.331) reflects Deng Xiaoping’s strategic vision of cultivating high-end talents.

On July 10th, Deng Xiaoping met with Frank Press, Science and Technology Advisor to the President of the United States and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Press hopes that this trip will lay the foundation for China and the United States to sign agreements on agricultural exchanges, space technology and exchanges between international students and scholars, and he also suggests to Deng Xiaoping that China send 20-30 students to study in the United States. To Press’s complete surprise, Deng Xiaoping suggested that the United States accept 700 science students from China, and the goal in the next few years is tens of thousands. Press immediately called President Carter, woke him up from his sleep at 3 am, and asked him to approve China to send 700 students to study in the United States, and more students would be welcome in the next few years. Later, Carter readily agreed to the Chinese request. ［18］

On August 4th, the Ministry of Education issued a notice according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 1978, the number of overseas students (including college students, advanced students and graduate students) increased to more than 3,000, mainly for studying science and engineering (including agriculture and medicine) related majors. [16] (p.142) On August 20th, Deng Xiaoping approved the Ministry of Education’s "Several Instructions on Sending Overseas Students", and agreed to send 3,000 overseas students in 1978, with the focus on advanced students and graduate students. ［11］（p.354）

At the end of August, the People’s Letters Summary reported that a student from Shanghai Hongkou Model Middle School requested to study in Japan at his own expense. Deng Xiaoping agreed to Fang Yi’s "permission" reply. [11] (P.365) So far, the way of studying abroad at one’s own expense has been opened.

In the second half of 1978, the first batch of international students from China arrived in the United States. In 1979, there were 1025 international students studying in the United States. By 1984, the number of international students had reached 14,000, two thirds of whom were studying physics, medicine and engineering. Peking University and Tsinghua University are even called "preparatory schools" for public science students studying in the United States. ［18］（p.128）

On July 16th, 1982, the State Council approved the Regulations of the Ministry of Education and other departments on studying abroad at one’s own expense, and put forward that studying abroad at one’s own expense is a channel for cultivating talents. [16] (pp.556-557) Since then, studying abroad at one’s own expense has gradually developed into the main channel for studying abroad.

Eight, Deng Xiaoping agreed to establish a postdoctoral mobile station system to cultivate high-end talents.

On May 21st, 1985, Deng Xiaoping met with Professor Li Zhengdao and his wife to exchange views on developing science and training talents. Li Zhengdao suggested to Deng Xiaoping that in order to create a favorable condition for China’s overseas researchers to return to work, more than a dozen post-doctoral mobile stations could be established as a pilot. This time, when Li Zhengdao made a presentation to Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping also specifically asked, "Why should we train postdoctoral doctors?"? When Li Zhengdao explained it, Deng Xiaoping agreed. He said: "Postdoctoral is a new thing and a new term to me. It is the first time I heard that … setting up a postdoctoral mobile station is a new method, which is very good. Combine training with use, cultivate in use, and find more advanced talents in training and use. There are too few ten postdoctoral mobile stations, and it is necessary to establish hundreds of mobile stations and become a system. " ［19］

In July 1985, China began to implement the postdoctoral system. This shows that overseas Chinese have played an important role in promoting the establishment of a modern education system in China. Deng Xiaoping’s decision has greatly promoted the establishment of high-level talent training system in China, which is a typical case of institutional change in the process of economic system reform in China.

In 1985, there were only 102 postdoctoral mobile stations in China, and by 2013, it had reached 2703. From 1985 to 2013, a total of 70,289 people left the station.

IX. Summary: Long-term Bonus of Human Capital Decision in Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13th, 1966. On the instructions of Mao Zedong, he and Liu Shaoqi made a decision to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year, and proposed to reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September 1977, after a lapse of 11 years, Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd, changed the original enrollment plan in 1977, postponed the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year again, and formally proposed to Hua Guofeng and other The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) to restore the higher education examination system, which was officially approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee (October 5, 1977).

The two decision-making processes have different historical backgrounds and decision-making mechanisms, so there are two different decision-making results, which also reflect the learning process of decision-makers in China, including the understanding and summary of success and failure, right and wrong. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, the first decision was passive, and the second was active. Without decision-making mistakes, there is no decision-making cost. Without decision-making cost, it is difficult to reach a political consensus and make a correct decision quickly.

As early as May 1977, in view of education and science and technology, which were the hardest hit areas of the "Cultural Revolution", Deng Xiaoping once imagined that after his comeback, he would pay great attention to education. We will achieve small results in five years, great results in 10 years, and great results in 15 years and 20 years. [12] It is clear that Deng Xiaoping is not only a great politician, but also a great strategist. He made a series of human capital investment decisions, such as resuming the college entrance examination, recruiting graduate students, establishing a degree system, promoting studying abroad, and setting up postdoctoral mobile stations, which are long-term and strategic decisions, and have produced long-term human capital dividends, which in turn have profoundly affected the process of reform, opening up and socialist modernization in China.

This long-term human capital dividend is as follows (see the table on the next page): compared with 1978, 2013 is equivalent to 28.8 times the number of students in colleges and universities in 1978, 164.1 times the number of graduate students and 481.3 times the number of students studying abroad. In addition, the author estimates that the gross enrollment rate of China University was only about 0.5% in the early 1970s, less than 1% in 1978, and reached 34.5% in 2013. That is to say, according to the gross enrollment rate of universities, in 2013, the chances of college-age population in China being admitted to universities were more than 30 times that of 1978 and more than 60 times that of the early 1970s. Compared with the United States, in 1980, the number of students in colleges and universities in China was only 1.6% of that in the United States (10.475 million). By 2005, China surpassed the United States, and by 2009, China was equivalent to 122% of that in the United States. In 1980, the number of graduate students in China (21,600) was only 1.6% of that in the United States (1,343,000); in 2007, China (1,195,000) was 52.1% of that in the United States (2,294,000); in 2013, China reached 1,790,000; it is estimated that China will surpass the United States around 2015.

This all stems from Deng Xiaoping’s strategic conception, which has not returned in May 1977. We are not only grateful to Deng Xiaoping, but also want to learn from Deng Xiaoping. As the Supreme Leader said when commemorating the 110th anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s birth, "We should learn from his far-sighted strategic thinking when commemorating Comrade Deng Xiaoping", "We have gained insight into the development trend at home and abroad and made a series of major strategic decisions concerning the long-term development of the cause of the party and the state and the future and destiny of socialism". ［20］

Deng Xiaoping’s decision on human capital investment is the most typical successful case. His far-sighted strategic thinking has not only become a long-term dividend for China’s human capital investment, but also the most precious political wealth for future generations.

Source: Compilation of Statistical Data of 60 Years in New China, China Statistics Publishing House, 2010, pp. 72-75; Statistical Abstract of China in 2014, China Statistics Publishing House, 2014, pp. 153-154.

Note: The two sets of data compared between 2013 and 1978 are calculated by the author according to the above data.

[Reference]

[1] Hu Angang: "China: Towards the 21st Century", China Environmental Science Press, 1991, pp. 174, 180 and 183.

[2] China Statistical Yearbook 1984, China Statistics Publishing House, 1984, p. 484.

[3] Hu Angang, Wang Hongchuan and Yan Yilong: Modernization of China: Human Resources and Education (1949 ~ 2030), Research on Education Development, No.1, 2015.

[4] "Selected Important Documents Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China" Volume 1, Central Literature Publishing House, 1992, p. 11.

[5] History of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Higher Education Press and People’s Publishing House, 2013, p. 173.

[6] Biography of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976) Volume II, Central Literature Publishing House, 2003, p. 1404.

[7] Mao Zedong Manuscripts Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China, Volume 11, Central Literature Publishing House, 1996, p. 96.

[8] Chronicle of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976), Volume 5, Central Literature Publishing House, 2013, p. 593.

[9] He Dongchang, editor-in-chief: "Important Educational Literature in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (1949 ~ 1997)", Hainan Publishing House, 1998, p. 1403.

[10] World Bank Economic Mission: "China: Development of Socialist Economy", China Financial and Economic Press, 1983, p. 92.

[11] The Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 227.

[12] Gu Weiming: "The initial brewing of the resumption of the college entrance examination system in 1977", "Research on Contemporary China History" No.5, 2003.

[13] Yang Shengqun and Chen Jin, editor-in-chief: "Historical Turning Point 1977 ~ 1978", Life, Reading and Knowledge Joint Publishing Company, 2009, p. 49.

［14］? Yearbook of Deng Xiaoping Thought (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2011, p. 59.

[15] Zhang Shujun and Gao Xinmin, editor-in-chief: Historical Archives of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China Economic Publishing House, 1998, p. 412.

[16] Xu Dashen, editor-in-chief: "A Record of People’s Republic of China (PRC)" Volume 4, Jilin People’s Publishing House, 1994, p. 57.

[17] Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, China National Museum: Historical Records of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2009,Page 361.

[18] [America] Fu Gaoyi: "Deng Xiaoping and China’s Opening to the Outside World: Sino-US Relations from 1977 to 1979", edited by Zhu Jiamu: "Contemporary China"And its Development Path —— Proceedings of the Second International Forum on Contemporary China History, Contemporary China Press, 2010, p.Page 127.

[19] Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2004, p. 976.

[20] Supreme Leader: Speech at the Symposium to Commemorate the 110th Anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s Birth (August 20, 2014), People’s Daily.August 21, 2014.

[Author] Hu Angang, Professor, School of Public Administration, Tsinghua University.

　Source of the article: Research on Contemporary China History

　　Figure/vision china

　　Cover of colostrum basic protein CBP and bone health

　　□ Xue Qingxin

　　"A glass of milk every day makes Chinese strong" is a classic milk slogan that many people are very familiar with. Drinking milk often is good for health. All along, China has been vigorously promoting the benefits of drinking milk. I hope everyone can drink milk every day.

　　Not long ago, the 2022 edition of Dietary Guidelines for Residents in China was published. Compared with the 2016 edition of Dietary Guidelines for Residents in China, the new guidelines put special emphasis on milk intake. The original version recommended that the intake of milk and dairy products be 300g/day, but the recommended amount in the 2022 version has been increased to 300g-500g/day.

　　This change further confirms the importance of drinking milk, and also reflects the importance China attaches to drinking milk.

　　Even so, there will still be many different voices on drinking milk, and there are even people who strongly oppose drinking milk.

　　But there are still many misunderstandings about milk.

　　answer questions

　　Drinking milk has hormones, and drinking it often can lead to precocious puberty? Not really!

　　There are two sources of estrogen in milk: one is the natural estrogen contained in milk itself, which comes from the natural secretion of dairy cows during milk production; The other is artificially added estrogen, which is mainly used for infertility and cow disease treatment. Among them, the content of natural estrogen in milk is very low, which is not harmful to human body, and many common natural foods contain estrogen or estrogen-like, such as meat and bean products, and even breast milk contains estrogen, which is often higher than milk. The artificially added estrogen will of course be restricted by the state. China’s "Regulations on the Administration of Veterinary Drugs" clearly stipulates estrogen drugs, and related drugs may not be detected in animal foods. Therefore, as long as it is milk purchased by regular manufacturers, you don’t have to worry too much about estrogen.

　　In addition, there is no evidence that drinking milk will lead to precocious puberty or damage children’s health. On the contrary, many studies show that the intake of milk and its products can increase the bone density of children, adolescents and postmenopausal women, which is beneficial to the growth and development of children.

　　Adults drinking milk will not cause cancer. Studies have shown that milk and its products have nothing to do with the risks of breast cancer and prostate cancer. And drinking milk often may also reduce the risk of breast cancer by 16%, and drinking 200 grams of dairy products every day can reduce the risk of colon cancer by 7%.

　　Therefore, on the whole, as long as it is milk produced by regular manufacturers, you don’t have to worry about cancer, so drink it with confidence.

　　Milk and citrus fruits are the same? Rest assured to eat!

　　There are rumors among the people that milk and citrus fruits are alike and cannot be eaten together, because milk will denature and precipitate after encountering citric acid in oranges, which will lead to stones.

　　The truth is that when milk meets citrus fruits, precipitation may indeed occur. This is because the organic acid in the fruit breaks the acid-base balance. When the pH value just reaches the isoelectric point of protein, protein particles in milk are easily collided and condensed because of the weakened intermolecular force, and thus flocculent precipitation will occur. But these deposits are also edible, and many cheeses are produced in this way.

　　Even if you don’t eat it with fruit, milk will precipitate and solidify after encountering stomach acid. Therefore, milk and citrus fruits can be safely eaten together, without poisoning or stones.

　　Lactose intolerance: Do you want to quit milk? Actually, no!

　　Lactose intolerance is very common in China. Lactase that decomposes lactose is lacking in the intestines of these people, and discomfort will occur after drinking milk, such as abdominal distension, abdominal pain and diarrhea. But even if there is lactose intolerance, it does not mean that it is necessary to quit milk.

　　It is recommended to try the following four methods:

　　① Drink yogurt: During the fermentation of yogurt, lactose will be decomposed by microorganisms to produce lactic acid, which will reduce the lactose content and relieve the symptoms of lactose intolerance. Another study shows that increasing the intake of yogurt can improve the symptoms of lactose intolerance.

　　② Drink 0 lactose or low lactose milk: It is very suitable for lactose intolerant people to drink by using special technology to hydrolyze lactose in milk.

　　③ People who are only slightly lactose intolerant can try to improve lactose tolerance: drink 60-120g pure milk 2-3 times a day for 3 weeks after each meal, and gradually induce the intestine to enhance lactose tolerance.

　　④ Low-salt cheese: According to protein ratio, 10 grams of cheese is equivalent to 100 grams of milk.

　　Is the milk with long shelf life because of preservatives? fault

　　Many milk on the market has a shelf life of up to 6 months, so some people think that it is secretly added with preservatives.

　　In fact, there is no need to add preservatives to milk, and the shelf life depends on the sterilization method of milk.

　　The shelf life of pasteurized milk is generally short, usually 7 days, and it needs to be stored in cold storage; However, milk sterilized at ultra-high temperature instantly kills almost all microorganisms and bacteria during sterilization, so it can still be preserved for a long time without preservatives, generally up to 6 months, and can be stored at room temperature.

　　Now there are many transparent packaging bags of milk on the market, the price is relatively high, which can directly see the true color of milk and give people a very fresh feeling. Many consumers also prefer to buy this kind of milk, thinking it is more nutritious and more comfortable to drink. In fact, transparent packaging bags do not mean that milk is fresher and more nutritious. Vitamin B2 in milk is a photosensitive substance, which is unstable under light. However, milk in transparent packaging bags is often directly exposed to sunlight and light, which may increase the loss of vitamin B2 in milk.

　　However, opaque milk packaging can be stored away from light, which can better preserve the nutrition in milk.

　　remove a doubt

　　Continue to drink milk. Is a kilo a day enough?

　　Most people in our country don’t drink enough recommended milk.

　　According to the Scientific Research Report on Dietary Guidelines for Residents in China 2021, in 2015, the per capita milk intake in Chinese cities only reached 14% of the recommended amount in the 2016 edition of Dietary Guidelines, and it will be lower in rural areas. In other words, most people in China don’t drink enough milk. Milk is a good source of calcium supplement. If milk intake is insufficient for a long time, it may increase the risk of calcium deficiency.

　　Milk can not only supplement calcium, but also provide high-quality protein and vitamin B2. Lactose in milk can also promote the absorption of minerals such as calcium, iron and zinc.

　　The recommended milk intake in the 2022 edition of Dietary Guidelines for China Residents has increased to 300 -500 grams per day — — A kilo (500g) of milk a day is actually necessary. For special people with high calcium demand, it is still difficult to make up enough calcium even if they insist on drinking 300 grams of milk every day. For example, teenagers, women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, nursing mothers and people over 50 can only supplement 321 mg of calcium if they drink 300 g of milk every day, which means they need to take 500 mg -900 mg of calcium from other foods.

　　In addition to milk, green leafy vegetables and bean products are also sources of calcium supplementation, but influenced by phytic acid and oxalic acid, the absorption rate is mostly not as good as that of milk. For example, the calcium absorption rate of tofu is only 15%; The calcium content of celery is 191 mg /100 g higher than that of milk, but the oxalic acid content is as high as 231 mg /100 g, the available calcium is only 79 mg /100 g, the leek calcium content is 105 mg /100 g, the oxalic acid content is as high as 162 mg /100 g, and the available calcium is only 34 mg /100 g. (Editor’s Note: Phytic acid can produce insoluble compounds with metal ions such as calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc; Oxalic acid can reduce the bioavailability of mineral elements, and it is easy to form calcium oxalate with calcium ions in human body, leading to kidney calculi).

　　I really don’t like drinking milk. How can I supplement my nutrition?

　　There are some people who just don’t like the taste of milk or are allergic to dairy products, so they really can’t drink milk to supplement calcium. There are also some friends who are always suspicious of milk and are unwilling to drink it. So how can these people get enough calcium?

　　For people who don’t like the taste of milk, milk and fruit can be made into milkshakes, such as strawberry milkshakes, banana milkshakes, mango milkshakes, etc., and the taste is mostly acceptable; You can also make custard and steamed bread with milk or milk powder; Yogurt and cheese are also good choices. According to protein ratio, 12.5 grams of milk powder is equivalent to 100 grams of milk.

　　For people who are allergic to milk, they can’t eat any dairy products, and they often worry about insufficient calcium intake. It is suggested to choose vegetables with high calcium content, such as rape, Chinese cabbage, radish tassel, fennel and coriander, while vegetables with high oxalic acid, such as spinach, amaranth, water spinach and celery, can be blanched before eating. Eat 300 -500 grams of vegetables every day, and the cooked vegetables are about 100 grams in size.

　　Bean products are recommended to eat at least 50 grams of soybeans, such as two fist-sized tofu or four pieces of dried tofu or 1.5 fist-sized shredded tofu.

　　In addition, calcium can also be supplemented appropriately. It is recommended to choose a small dose, preferably 100 -300 mg of calcium per tablet, which can be supplemented flexibly.

　　If you drink milk, you will get acne. What should I do?

　　Many friends actually like to drink milk, but it is helpless that when they drink milk, their faces will explode. This situation may be due to food intolerance to milk. Casein in milk can promote the secretion of insulin and IGF-1, leading to acne.

　　In particular, skim milk may be more serious than whole milk, so it is also mentioned in the China Acne Treatment Guide (2019 Revision) that if you have acne, you should pay special attention to limiting the intake of skim milk, and you can try sugar-free yogurt and low-salt cheese.

　　Some people also like to use milk as a mask, thinking that drinking milk and smearing milk can whiten the skin. In fact, this statement is unfounded. Black people also drink milk, and their skin color is still black.

　　The main ingredients of milk are water, protein, fat, calcium, etc. These ingredients have no special effect on whitening, even if you wash your face with milk every day, it will not whiten.

　　Skin color is closely related to genetic factors and environmental factors, and it cannot be changed by eating any kind of food. Drinking milk is recommended, but don’t expect whitening; As for washing your face with milk, don’t waste it again.

　　summary

　　From the point of view of calcium supplementation and disease prevention, it is necessary to have 300 -500 grams of milk every day. If you especially like to drink milk and drink more than 500 grams a day, then it is more recommended to choose low-fat milk, or reduce the intake of other oils in moderation, and avoid the total energy exceeding the standard.

　　(Source: "Science Rumors" WeChat official account)

　　interlinkage

　　Interview with Lou Wenyong, Professor of South China University of Technology;

　　If you want to supplement calcium, besides drinking milk, you should also supplement CBP.

　　Text/Yangcheng Evening News reporter Sun Lei

　　South China University of Technology Press timely published a popular science book "Basic Protein CBP in Colostrum and Bone Health", which was co-edited by Professor Lou Wenyong of South China University of Technology, Dr. Zeng Yingjie of Southwest University for Nationalities and popular science author Li Daiwei.

　　The book emphasizes that a colostrum basic protein (CBP) can directly act on bone cells, promote osteoblast proliferation, and greatly enhance the absorption and utilization of calcium. Combining with calcium, it can effectively increase human bone density and bone length of children and adolescents.

　　CBP is made from bovine colostrum through sterilization, degreasing, centrifugal separation, ultrafiltration and other processes. Scientific research shows that CBP is an active protein with a molecular weight of only 30 kDa, which can directly act on bone cells, promote the proliferation of osteoblasts and greatly enhance the absorption and utilization of calcium. Therefore, CBP can inject new energy into bone health, and this mechanism is also called "CBP bone energy".

　　It is reported that in August 2021, the College of Food Science and Engineering of South China University of Technology and Peizhi Health Center organized a "90-day CBP Bone Energy Experience Program", in which 31 subjects including faculty and staff of South China University of Technology participated in the test. The test and statistical results show that about 90% of the subjects’ bone mass has been improved or maintained in good condition, and the remarkable effect accounts for about 65%.

　　Speaking of the legend that "milk contains hormones, which are harmful to health for adults and precocious puberty for children", Lou Wenyong also said that this statement exaggerated the influence of hormones in milk on people. "Growth hormone is a kind of protein secreted by animals’ brains. Almost all animal milk contains a small amount of hormones to promote the growth of animals. Undoubtedly, as long as it is milk squeezed by healthy cows, its hormones are very low and meet safety standards, so don’t worry too much. " He said that milk is rich in nutrients such as calcium, vitamins, protein and trace amounts of bone growth factors CBP, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin, etc. It is self-evident that drinking milk for a long time is beneficial to health. "Humans have been drinking milk for thousands of years. Facts have proved that children who drink milk for a long time are generally taller than children who don’t drink milk. Adults who insist on drinking milk are also healthier. That’s why ‘ A glass of milk a day makes a nation strong ’ The statement. "

　　But he also stressed that it is impossible to effectively supplement CBP by drinking milk alone. He said that the content of CBP in ordinary milk is only 0.15% (0.015‰ ), the content in bovine colostrum is only four ten thousandths (0.4‰ ), the content is extremely low, very rare. Therefore, it is necessary to extract CBP from milk and bovine colostrum and add it to related products to realize an efficient and rapid CBP supplement method. At present, CBP can be added to nutritious food alone, and it can also be combined with other nutrients to play a better role. For example, the DKC gold combined bone energy composed of CBP, vitamin D and vitamin K2, or immunoglobulin IgG, intelligent nutrition phosphatidylserine PS, etc.

　　In addition, Lou Wenyong also suggested that developing good living habits, such as eating more foods with high calcium content, ensuring adequate sleep, getting more sunshine, and appropriately increasing exercise load, will make the effect of CBP on improving bone health more obvious.

According to the statistics of Cat’s Eye Professional Edition, as of February 10th, in 2024, the cumulative box office in China’s film market exceeded 4.331 billion yuan (equivalent to 602 million US dollars), surpassing the box office performance in North America and temporarily ranking as the world’s single market box office champion.

As of February 10th, the cumulative box office in China mainland market was 602 million US dollars, the cumulative box office in North America market was 575 million US dollars, and the cumulative box office in French market was 149 million US dollars, ranking the top three in the global single market box office.

Text | Reporter Li Li
Figure | Reporter Cat’s Eye Professional Edition

Sohu Entertainment feature (HAMA/Wen) In 2022, the North American film market recovered rapidly, far away from China, and regained the first place in the world. On the one hand, due to the turn of epidemic prevention and control, people’s lives have returned to normal, on the other hand, thanks to the release of some large films, the audience has been pulled back to the cinema.

Looking back on this year, it is still those sequels and restart blockbusters that have performed well and played a role in saving the market. Most of them have been original movies that have performed poorly and dragged their feet. Among these failed movies, cartoons, co-productions and feature films have occupied many seats. Become a dark horse, with a high return ratio, mostly small-budget horror films and comedies.

To compare the profitability of movies, there are two dimensions. One is the absolute value of profitability. The more you earn, the higher the box office will naturally be under the premise of determining the cost. There is another dimension, that is, the rate of return. For example, some horror movies have a small box office volume, but because of the very low cost, the global box office/production cost is high.

Tom cruise’s Top Gun 2 is the most profitable movie.

If you look at how much money you make, the first one in 2022 is Tom’s Top Gun 2.

The sequel to the movie production cost of this Paramount film, which was launched after many years, was 140-170 million US dollars, and the global box office was 1.489 billion US dollars. It was the global box office champion in 2022 and ranked 11th in the box office list of film history.

Avatar 2, the second box office of the year, grossed 1.1 billion dollars in the world that year, and the final box office may hit 2 billion dollars. However, the production cost of this special-effects film, which took many years to unlock many new technologies, is very high, about 350-400 million dollars, so the final income may not exceed Top Gun 2.

Among the top 11 movies at the global box office this year, Top Gun 2, Avatar 2, Jurassic World 3, Doctor Strange 2, Little Yellow Man with Big Eyes 2, Panther 2, Thor 4, Fantastic Animals 3 and Sonik the Hedgehog 2 are all sequels, New Batman is a classic IP restart, and Mysterious Sea is an IP adaptation of the game.

Theoretically, if the global box office of Hollywood blockbusters can reach more than three times the production cost, it is considered to be profitable. Among the eleven films, except Fantastic Animals 3, the global box office is twice as high as the production cost, and the other ten films have reached more than three times the production cost, that is to say, the box office revenue alone is all profitable.

Jurassic World 3’s global box office is 6.07 times the production cost, Doctor Strange 2 is 4.78 times the production cost, New Batman is 3.86 times the production cost, Little Yellow Man with Big Eyes is 11.74 times the production cost, and Sonik Hedgehog is 4.48 times the production cost.

The word-of-mouth of most of these films is not as good as expected, and it is not as good as the previous ones, but it does not affect the money, which is why Hollywood has always been keen on making sequels. Not only the box office revenue, Hollywood blockbusters also have a lot of follow-up income such as copyright, DVD, peripheral products, theme parks, etc., which can bring very considerable net profit.

The horror film "Dangerous Laughter" has the highest return rate.

From the perspective of rate of return, some small and medium-cost horror films, comedies and dramas are often more prominent, especially small-cost horror films, which have always been the best type of dark horse and can sell in the global market.

Among the top 20 films with the highest returns in 2022, there are 6 horror films, 3 cartoons, 2 comedies and 2 drama films.

The production cost of the horror film "Dangerous Laughter" was 17 million US dollars, and the global box office was 216 million US dollars, ranking seventeenth in the annual box office list. The global box office was 12.7 times the production cost, making it the highest-paid American film in 2022.

The production cost of the horror film Black Phone is 16 million US dollars, and the global box office is 161 million US dollars, with the return ratio exceeding 10 times.

The production cost of the horror film Barbarian is only $4.5 million, which is super low cost in the American film production system. It sold $45 million worldwide, with a return of 10 times.

The horror film Scream 5 cost $24 million, and the global box office cost $140 million, with a return ratio of 5.83 times. The horror film "Moonlight Panic: The End" cost 20 million US dollars, and the global box office was 104 million US dollars, with a return ratio of 5.2 times. These two movies are regarded as super IP in horror movies, and they have been made into a series, and each department has made a steady profit.

The horror film Orphan: The First Kill cost $10 million, and the global box office cost $37 million, with a return ratio of 3.7 times.

The production cost of the comedy "Idiot is funny forever" is 10 million US dollars, and the global box office is 80 million US dollars, with a return ratio of 8 times.

The production cost of the fantasy comedy "Instant Universe" starring Yang Ziqiong is $25 million, and the global box office is $104 million, with a return ratio of four times. Because it was created by a Chinese team and has a Chinese theme, it has made Instant Universe an annual film that has attracted much attention. The Saturn Award held by the American Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Film gave this film the best fantasy film award, and Yang Ziqiong won the best actress award. She may even hit the Oscar winner in 2023 with this film.

The drama The Girl in the Deep Swamp, which contains elements of love, youth and suspense, cost $24 million to make and earned $140 million at the global box office, with a return ratio of 5.83 times. This film is adapted from the best-selling novel "Where the Wrecks Sing" and can also be regarded as an IP work.

The production cost of channing tatum’s road film "Loyal Dog" was $15 million, and the global box office was $85 million, with a return ratio of 5.67 times. When the star is the director, there is another success story in Hollywood.

Co-production of "355" Moonfall suffered huge losses.

It can be seen that the movies that make money are IP sequels produced by several major studios and low-cost dark horse movies. Most of the losses this year are concentrated on high-cost original movies, co-productions and cartoons with superstars.

In fact, the films produced by the six major Hollywood studios will not lose too much even if some box offices are less than expected.

Like the high-investment blockbuster Fantastic Animals 3 and Black Adam, the worst box office in the world can be about twice the production cost.

Medium-and high-investment films with an investment of 50-90 million US dollars, such as Tickets to Paradise, Bullet Train, Lost City, No, Dr. Night: Morbius, DC Meng Chong Task Force, Dahomey Woman Warrior, Crocodile Lai Lai and Tragedy on the Nile, all have a return ratio of 1.5-2.8 times, and rarely lose everything.

Only a few people can make huge losses, especially animated films this year.

Disney’s animated film Strange World, which cost $135-180 million, earned only $67 million at the global box office, Pixar’s $200 million at the global box office, and Universal Pictures’ $130 million at the global box office.

The overall performance of animated films is weak this year. Except for Little Yellow Man with Big Eyes 2, the box office of Sonik the Hedgehog 2 and League of Bad Guys are also average, and the profit ratio of global box office/production cost is 4.48 times and 3.57 times respectively. It’s been a long time since we saw an explosion like Frozen Zootopia.

There is also a huge loss of high-investment co-productions and feature films.

Directed by roland emmerich (The Day After Tomorrow), the production cost of the Moonfall, which China Company participated in, was $138-150 million, and the global box office was $67 million, which was a great tragedy in the film circle in 2022.

Five international superstars including Fan Bingbing, Jessica Chastain, Penélope Cruz Sánchez , lupita nyongo and diane kruger were assembled. The production cost of the action film "355" directed by simon kinberg, the director of "X-Men: Dark Phoenix", was 75 million US dollars, and the global box office was only 28 million US dollars.

The epic film "Nordic", which was released by Focus Pictures in the United States and assembled Alexander Skarsgard, Nicole Kidman and other luxury lineups, cost $60-90 million to make and earned $70 million at the global box office.

The feature film Amsterdam directed by David O. Russell and starring Christian Bale, Margot Elise Robbie and John David Washington cost US$ 80 million to produce and earned US$ 31 million at the global box office.

The action movie Black Gold Rescue starring veteran movie star liam neeson, the crime comedy The Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent starring Nicolas Cage, the musical Cyrano starring "Little Devil" Peter Dinklage, and the romantic movie Superstar Marry, starring jennifer lopez, all failed to meet expectations at the box office, and some are facing losses.

As can be seen from this year’s profit and loss list, the probability of loss of super blockbusters and low-cost movies is relatively small, and the losers are often medium-and high-cost movies that don’t rely on both sides. This is also the reason for the gradual imbalance within Hollywood over the years. It should have been two small ends and a big middle, but the reality is that the middle is gradually shrinking.

A lie hanging in my heart ×

(1) I’m bored, and I’m bored

Over-the-top, over-the-top, over-the-top

-Nothing else.

Self-deception, pathetic

It’s a good idea.

~ Mr Mu Zi.

No matter what is wrong, you will not give in.

No matter how painful your heart is, try to smile/*

The warmest *

I like to gossip er▼

▼ Drowners -1a/z

For whom/

A persistent man will lose "and won’t cry"

_ black rendering that moment of silence.

The deductive person in the story.

It’s too far between you and me.

In the past years, the flowing water has fallen out of love.

Love, love and past tense.

Unforgettable memories/*

-I just waited for the wrong person

I can’t forget it after all/*

She said that you came to me because you were lonely.

It’s cruel to open a wound-

One person is ruined | one person is drunk.

|▍▍▍▍▍▍2

A man who has been played.

Disguising the tears that can’t stop-

┛。 Life is like nothing.

Your beauty without makeup is still beautiful.

The oath is just a momentary slip of the tongue.

The days spent together in those years.

Gray tells your depression.

Maybe I won’t give up when I see you next time

Memories can die and never stop.

Looking back suddenly, why haven’t you left?

Spread the black wounds

Dedicate to those dead smiles.

Humble people can also crave love.

Next page: An Xiaoxuan

What you want is not to be hot and cold.

After a long time, I left. "

Put all your eggs in one basket;

Disturbed the young heart-/

Miss is just your own pure being mean.

A man as hot as a firework

Selfish, selfish, selfish

No matter how beautiful the oath is, it is only perfunctory.

Your promise is drowned in lies.

Dry your memories in the sunshine//

A touch of masculine fragrance ≈ .–~

I am a farmer’s child.

┛。 The Aegean Sea is also sad.

I love you, that’s all.

Looking at the past on parallel lines

I met you in the most beautiful time.

Don’t take others so seriously.

You say I love touching the scene too much-

Let me not have the courage to touch/

Disturb the young heart

Only not mediocre *

Tired in the wind

You exist in my deep mind.

I can also give up all over the world.

Let’s escape together

I have no strength to be happy.

Loneliness is like a chain reaction.

Willing to infect your breath

As time flies, I only care about you

Who says I can’t live better? "

Often affectionate but not merciful.

I want your dependence

Flower world, why take it seriously?

Wound mark lei lei

The loveless girl, the most distressing parting.

I have caught a cold in this corner.

Men don’t care about idleness,

Pride, never seeing again,

I can’t see through the distractions of life.

He can do anything for his brother.

Don’t touch ambiguity when you have love.

No matter how deep the lip print is, it won’t go deep into the heart.

Each is well.

Where’s the smile?

Holding hands and embracing each other, the years are fleeting. .

Farewell wounds, only saying goodbye does not hurt.

Listen to love songs and shed tears.

It’s raining hard and I don’t understand my sadness.

What you mean by indifferent is just tasteless,

The rosewood has not been extinguished, and I have not left.

ˉ that → Just once.

Half city misty rain and half city sand.

The warmth of sunshine.

The touch of green in my memory.

∞ Small thoughts, pulling back and forth

How much to pay and finally betray.

Don’t love me, I’m not sure.

An isolated d. man.

Once we laughed together,

Give you a smile

It’s all about you outside the dream.

Woman. I spoil you all my life.

Flower male degree

Silence is the best protective color.

Half the city is full of smoke and sand.

Hysterical. I only care about you.

Lost, lost, lost, lost, crazy.

■□` Mo Xiaoxi /cc

Laugh at this vulgar reality.

╰ Think what you think ‘ Love what you love

I just miss that bloody youth.

That sunflower blooms for n1.

Nothing to do with love.

Doesn’t mean I don’t know love.

I prefer the beauty of mind.

Without the earth, the sun would still go around.

I don’t know where to hide.

I still love you.

My pain is none of your business.

It’s time to cry.

Three men can afford to lose, but they can’t afford to cry.

There are a few things that are true now.

Don’t try to touch my bottom line

Sing my favorite song to you.

Iraqi makeup, I love Iraqi people.

Crayons are gone, Xiaoxin.

￣va1. Mr. Hua Xin

Interpret the meaning of love

I owe you a goodbye in this life *

, have a restless.

Who is lingering in the drizzle in my ear

Don’t say it was once.

Domineering, circle your life.

Because I love you, I am willing to accommodate you.

Forget it if you should forget it ~

Can’t let go/*

Memories are all loads/*

You are my dream.

At arm’s length/*

In a trance,

I just want to rely on my hands and wave to my ideal.

No more hesitation. "

Hey, hey, hey, hey

Vow to play/*　

Welcome to the Autohome Jinhua promotion channel, bringing you the latest car market. At present, the high-profile series is running an unprecedented promotion to give back to consumers in Jinhua area. It is understood that consumers can enjoy up to 30,000 cash discounts, which brings the starting price of this luxury model down to an attractive 199,800 yuan. This is a great opportunity not to be missed. Want to know more specific car purchase information and get higher discounts? Be sure to click the "Check Car Price" button in the quotation form and let’s explore this unprecedented car purchase offer together!

As a high-end Hongqi car series, the EH7 shows the solemnity and luxury of the Hongqi brand in its exterior design. Its front face design adopts a unique streamlined line, which fuses traditional Chinese aesthetics and modern technology elements, showing the atmosphere without losing movement. The iconic middle grid grille adopts a delicate matrix design, and the chrome trim outlines a strong visual impact to highlight the brand identity. Overall style, the EH7 fuses business and sports elements, with smooth body lines and harmonious proportions, showing the noble temperament of luxury cars.

The side lines are elegant and smooth, and the Hongqi EH7 shows a noble and stable body ratio with its 4980mm body length, 1915mm width and 1490mm height. The wheelbase is up to 3000mm, making the front and rear wheel tracks reach 1645mm and 1655mm respectively, which not only ensures the comfort of the interior space, but also reflects the balanced stability of the vehicle. The tire specification is 245/50 R18, and the front and rear wheels are used in this specification. With the exquisite wheel rim design, it creates a luxurious visual effect. Every detail highlights the unique charm of the Hongqi EH7.

The interior design of Hongqi EH7 is full of luxury and technology. It provides a comfortable grip for the steering wheel with exquisite leather materials. Its steering wheel supports manual up and down + front and rear adjustment, which is convenient for the driver to operate individually. The 15.5-inch large-size central control screen not only displays clearly, but also integrates multimedia systems, navigation, telephone and air conditioning functions to achieve convenient and intelligent operation. As for the seats, imitation leather and leather/fur materials are mixed and matched to ensure the comfort of passengers. The main and passenger seats are equipped with front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment and multi-directional adjustment, including waist support. For example, the driver’s seat also has heating, ventilation and headrest speaker functions. In addition, the front seat also supports electric memory function, which provides convenience for the driver. The rear seat supports proportional reclining, which makes space utilization more flexible. These configurations work together to create a high-end and functional interior environment.

The engine is a key component of the Hongqi EH7 powertrain. This model is equipped with a strong power source, with a maximum power of 253 kilowatts, which is enough to provide sufficient energy. In terms of torque, it has reached 450 Nm, which ensures that the vehicle performs well when accelerating and driving. This engine configuration fully reflects the pursuit of the driving experience and the insistence of the Hongqi brand on high quality.

Overall, the Autohome owner’s evaluation of the Red Flag EH7’s appearance is unique and in-depth. Although it may be a little controversial at first glance, the atmosphere and recognition brought by the real car are impressive. Although the owner mentioned the regret of the taillight design and the flag light, he still recommends that you experience it for yourself, because the charm of the real car may exceed the picture. The car, despite some minor flaws, is undoubtedly impressive in design and worth a try.

When it comes to Ren Xianqi, everyone may be very familiar with him. As a male star who debuted very early, Ren Xianqi can be said to be an artist with both good looks and strength. He was very popular back then.

Although Ren Xianqi’s appearance is not particularly outstanding, even if the facial features are listed separately, they are average. But when combined, it looks very good.

Ren Xianqi has played many handsome roles, such as Linghu Chong, Yang Guo, Chu Liuxiang, etc., which makes many people think that those fantastical male gods should look like this, and it can be regarded as a role to live. Back then, Ren Xianqi was so handsome that he didn’t turn over the car when he played so many handsome guys.

Ren Xianqi’s career can be said to have been very stable, and it was prosperous at the beginning, but now it is not bad. Logically speaking, a star like Ren Xianqi will be stared at by many reporters, but he can’t find any scandals, and his love life is also very low-key. It is estimated that many fans do not know that Ren Xianqi has actually been married and had children for a long time, and he has already been publicly in love in 2002.

When they announced their relationship, Ren Xianqi had actually been in love with his wife for many years. Ren Xianqi, a good man for more than 20 years, had always been the same, and there was no scandal at all. Now that he had both children, it could be said that his family was also happy.

Ren Xianqi himself is very low-key, and his wife is not to be outdone. They all say that it is not that the family does not enter the house, but that it is probably Ren Xianqi and his wife. Ren Xianqi’s wife rarely attends formal settings, and she rarely sees his wife at public events. Except for some very important events, she will occasionally accompany Ren Xianqi for walks.

When Ren Xianqi appeared with him, he could see that Ren Xianqi’s wife was very beautiful. No wonder her children were good-looking. Seeing that her temperament was not inferior to the female stars in the circle, it was rare for the two to walk the red carpet together.

The wife has always shown herself with short hair, looking clean and neat, with a virtuous and gentle temperament, but she is very feminine. This salty and sweet style can be controlled, and the foundation is still very good. The hairstyle is decorated with oblique bangs, which can effectively improve your hairline and show your full forehead.

The short hair on her body also looks so gentle, and with two blingbling earrings, it adds a lot of highlights to the overall black low-key style. The whole is smart and light, echoing the skillful design of the air, making the overall match more effective.

The design of the group is relatively simple, it is simple to fit the body shape to modify the body, but the texture is very good, and she is already the mother of two babies. Chen Zeyu can be said to have done the best in body management. At the age of nearly 50, she can’t see any fat at all. Even the female stars in the circle may not be able to do it. Take her husband Ren Xianqi as an example, they are already a little fat.

53-Year-old Ren Xianqi is a rare husband and wife in the same frame. His beautiful wife is wearing a black dress and has a slow figure, and her temperament is not inferior to that of a female star. Chen Zeyu is so beautiful that she compares Ren Xianqi to the side, especially after growing a beard. She looks a lot of vicissitudes, but she is also much more fashionable, looking at super men.

Without the career of a female star, but to be comparable to a female star, Chen Zeyu can really be said to be very powerful, and the clothes are also very online. The little black dress extremely highlights his low-key personality. The empty flower at the neckline is undoubtedly one of the highlights. The empty design enriches the overall layering and adds a lot of memory highlights.

It has to be said that Chen Zeyu is very good at matching clothes. This off-the-shoulder design can transfer the visual center and make the vision play a good enhancement effect. The overall black will appear too dull, but the empty skin will undoubtedly make this dull existence feel weaker, and the dull visual effect is greatly reduced.

His wife wore a black dress in a low-key manner without stealing the limelight, and Ren Xianqi did the same. The black and white matching also showed the low-key to the extreme. The two colors of black and white did not look high-profile, but they would not appear very dull, which could be said to be luxurious in a low-key manner. As a classic color scheme, the black lapel in the suit design added a lot of layers to the whole with buttons, pockets, etc.

The neckline and black bow tie echo each other, and the small details of the vertical striped shirt enhance the overall fashion temperament a lot. It can be said that even if it is low-key, Ren Xianqi also uses low-key to the extreme.

The two are of the same age, but boys are really anti-aging and have an advantage over girls. No wonder age is a woman’s worst enemy. At the same age of 53, Ren Xianqi looks much younger than Chen Zeyu, but his wife’s state is also very strong among her peers.

Although there are many wrinkles on his face, the skin on his neck is very delicate, and the skin is also very fine and beautiful. It can be seen that he pays great attention to fashion and beauty. The presence of light makeup is indeed a manifestation of confidence, and the affinity is doubled.

Ren Xianqi had been on a hot search before because of his serious weight gain, and once gained 100 kilograms, which made netizens completely unable to believe that this was the handsome male god who used to have a fat belly and double chin. He was very present, and he had the sense of a middle-aged uncle. However, it was not that Ren Xianqi did not pay attention to body management, but he deliberately gained weight for filming.

In fact, with Ren Xianqi’s net worth, he didn’t have to fight so hard. In the past, he was also a figure who earned both fame and fortune. However, Ren Xianqi has always been very serious about acting.

Middle-aged obesity is almost every man’s nightmare, and most male friends will encounter this problem. Many people are not so strong in self-control, but handsome as Ren Xianqi once they gain weight, they can’t bear to look directly. Many people are not as handsome as Ren Xianqi, so it is better to restrain yourself. Only someone as good as Ren Xianqi can attract an excellent woman like Chen Zeyu. Everyone should try to make themselves better. There is such a good idol to learn from here. What do you think?

Responsible editor:

The AI era has arrived.Artificial intelligenceHas become a driving forceSmart EducationThe new quality of productivity for the development of high-dimensional. Since May, the big model andlearning machineThe popularity of the combination began to explode intensively, and many learning machine brands have released models equipped with large modelsLearning machine products, each "AI teacher"Competing to appear, constantly raising the standard volume in the field of learning machines to new heights.

But there are also many children who buy learning machines but are unwilling to learn, or cannot learn. Therefore, when education meets artificial intelligence, how to make machines have the same knowledge, love, and patience as human teachers is the key to how a learning machine can help students achieve learning results. And this also tests the model strength and system iteration ability of different learning machines.

‘The strongest brain ’empowers AI teachers

On May 27, Baidu’s learning machine brand, Xiaodu Learning Machine, launched a new generation of learning machine product Z30, as the world’s first learning machine based on the ability of the Wenxin model. This learning machine is fully reconstructed for planning, previewing, learning, practice, parenting, Q & A, and diagnosis. It deeply understands and adapts to different scenarios to create a more interactive and personalized AI teaching experience.

The most central among them is its "new brain" DuerOS X operating system, which debuted at the Baidu 2024Create conference in April this year. It is based on the reconfiguration of the Wenxin model and is also the world’s first AI native operating system.

In the real world, "knowledgeable", "caring", and "patient" are the highest evaluations of a good teacher. The small learning machine is constantly iterating in the direction of a "good teacher" based on the large model of text heart knowledge enhancement.

Based on the large model of text-centered knowledge enhancement, the small learning machine Z30 not only has an authoritative and rich reserve of educational content, but also shows more versatility in solving problems in different tasks, languages, modes, and scenarios, supporting children to ask questions anytime and anywhere during the whole learning process.

At the same time, multi-modal perception, interaction, and anthropomorphic presentation support children’s multi-round interaction with natural language and ask questions at any time. The AI teacher’s explanation is also more emotional, making knowledge transfer into an audio-visual feast, and truly standing in the child’s perspective, teaching and educating people in a caring and accompanying manner.

In addition, based on scenario analysis and personalized customization, AI teachers can scientifically arrange learning plans for children, answering questions anytime, anywhere, and being more patient.

As Li Ying, chief executive of Xiaodu Technology, said: "An excellent teacher plays a crucial role in a child’s learning and growth process. Redefining AI teachers through big model technology will be the only way for educational products to break through."

Dream of the AI era, be everyone’s AI partner

The advent and continuous development of the AI era has put forward new requirements for children’s ability cultivation. "Creative children will be more likely to stand out in the AI era, and they will also change the world with AI thinking!" Li Ying, CEO of Xiaodu Technology, said.

Based on this recognition, all of Xiaodu’s products are not only "useful", but also "soulful". With the blessing of DuerOS X, Xiaodu can accurately perceive users’ intentions through voice, text, gestures, expressions and other visual information, and give more flexible and interesting feedback.

In the ecological layer, in addition to the tens of thousands of voice skills that Xiaodu has accumulated in various scenarios such as education, entertainment, and home furnishing, seamless access can also be achieved through the application of the ecological development of Wenxin intelligent body, which greatly enriches and expands Xiaodu’s ecological breadth at the level of general and professional knowledge, and meets the needs of more complex and diverse groups of people.

When launching DuerOS X, Li Ying said: "Xiaodu hopes to become an AI partner that everyone can have." In addition to the Xiaodu learning machine, after upgrading the new "brain" of DuerOS X, Xiaodu not only gave birth to the Tiantian AI tablet robot, but also connected to the Xiaodu smart speaker and smart screen, Tiantian girlfriend machine, Xiaodu fitness mirror, intelligent learning tablet, Xiaodu whole house intelligence, and became the user’s AI girlfriend, AI coach, AI tutor, AI housekeeper, and AI partner with more diverse roles.

From "AI + hardware" to "AI x end point", Xiaodu has continuously used technology to change the role of users, so that users are no longer the operators of equipment, but become the masters of life and control in a true sense.

(Promotion)

On April 7 th, the topic # Lei Jun responded to why Xiaomi made cars fast # boarded the hot search list and got 26.055 million readings.

It is reported that on April 6, # Zhiji CEO doubted that Xiaomi had built a car for three years # which caused a heated discussion. Tamia Liu, CEO of Zhiji, said that the speed of Xiaomi Automobile is really fast, and the first complete vehicle was built from the platform in three years.

On March 31, Lei Jun released a video to respond to Xiaomi’s car-making for only three years. Why is it so fast? He said that Xiaomi has 14 years of experience and accumulation, and has set up a very reliable R&D team to help Xiaomi take fewer detours; Moreover, the industrial chain in China has a good foundation, and it is perfect to be an intelligent electric vehicle. Therefore, if we don’t take detours and get the first car out in three years, there is a chance.?

　　　　After 60 years of practice and 60 years of development, China has made great achievements in science and technology that attract worldwide attention. The total amount of scientific and technological resources is abundant, and the number of scientific and technological human resources has grown from less than 50,000 in 1949 to more than 42 million in 2008, ranking first in the world. Investment in science and technology continued to grow, and the national financial allocation for science and technology increased from 56 million yuan in 1953 to 254 billion yuan in 2008; The R&D investment of the whole society reached 440 billion in 2008, ranking fourth in the world. The system of scientific research conditions has been continuously improved and optimized, and the number of scientific research institutions nationwide has increased from more than 30 in 1949 to more than 3,700 in 2008. It has formed a relatively complete system of scientific and technological basic conditions, such as research and experimental bases, large-scale scientific instruments, natural scientific and technological resources, scientific data and scientific and technological documents. ……