Abstract: The modernization of education in China has always been a major strategic issue and strategic choice for the country’s development. The cognition and judgment of leaders in different periods on the reality of education have an important impact on the modernization of education. China’s educational modernization process has both successful experiences and mistakes. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, he has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13, 1966, according to the instructions of Mao Zedong, he made a decision with Liu Shaoqi to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities and reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd and proposed to restore the higher education examination system, which was approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. The second decision not only produced a long-term human capital dividend, but also profoundly affected the process of educational modernization in China, laying the foundation for a modern educational system.

China is a country with the largest population in the world, but also a country lacking in human capital. From the perspective of national modernization, more population has become a heavy burden of economic development, and less human capital has become an important constraint of economic development. In this sense, a large population is not necessarily a good thing, unless the population burden is transformed into human resources wealth. [1] Therefore, China should take human capital as the first capital, human resources as the first resource, and invest in people and develop human resources as its basic national policy. China’s modernization is essentially human modernization, and human modernization is essentially the continuous expansion and accumulation of human resources or human capital stock, which has become an increasingly important source of economic development and constitutes the ultimate foundation of national wealth (material wealth, social wealth, cultural wealth and ecological wealth). [1] (P.174) Leaders’ understanding of China’s basic national conditions directly affects the decision-making of human capital investment and the process of human capital accumulation, which in turn will affect the long-term dividend of human capital to China’s modernization development. From the past decades, China has also experienced a historical process of success first, then twists and turns, and then success, and gradually realized the transformation from a heavy population burden to a powerful country in human resources or human capital in the world. China has become the world’s largest number of students in higher education.

First, from a big country with illiteracy to a big country with modern education

In modern times, China is not only a laggard and latecomer of world modernization, but also a laggard and latecomer of educational modernization. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that modern education was introduced from the west and a national education system was established. By the time New China was founded in 1949, it had been about half a century. From the perspective of higher education, only 185,000 people in China had college education or above, accounting for 3.42% of the total population? . The number of college students in China is only 117,000. [2] At that time, about 80% of the people in the country were illiterate and semi-illiterate, and the average education period of the population over 15 years old was only 1.0 years, which was a big country full of illiteracy. ［3］

After the founding of New China, China began an unprecedented cultural construction, including "implementing universal education in a planned and step-by-step manner, strengthening secondary and higher education, and paying attention to technical education" [4].

By the mid-1960s, a relatively complete modern national education system had been established in China, and the level of human capital had been significantly improved. According to the data of the second national census in 1964, the illiteracy rate dropped to 32.3%, which was half as much as 80% in 1949. The population of junior college or above reached 2.875 million, 15.5 times that of 1949, with an average annual growth rate of 21.6% from 1949 to 1964. The average educational years of the population over 15 years old in China reached 2.6 years, equivalent to 2.6 times that of 1949. During 1949-1964, the average annual growth rate was 7.06%, which was much higher than the average annual growth rate of the total population (2.08%) in the same period. Even though higher education was seriously affected by the Great Leap Forward, the number of students in institutions of higher learning dropped from 962,000 in 1960 to 674,000 in 1965 [2] (P.483), which was still the first golden age for the development of modern education in China.

Although China’s modern national education, especially modern university education, has developed rapidly and achieved remarkable results, the basic national conditions of low level of human capital have not fundamentally changed. Compared with developed countries, in 1965, the average length of education of the population over 15 years old was 10 years in the United States, equivalent to 3.8 times that of China; It is 7.5 years in Japan, which is 2.9 times that of China. In particular, the population above junior college is quite scarce, accounting for only 0.416% of the total population (723 million people) in China. Proceeding from this basic national condition, it is necessary to continuously accelerate the modernization of national education, including the development of modern higher education.

Two, Mao Zedong from the reform of the education system to launch the "cultural revolution"

After 1965, Mao Zedong shifted the focus of "opposing and preventing revisionism" to how to prevent revisionism in the Communist Party of China (CPC), especially in the leading organs of the Party. [5] His judgment on academia and education has also changed. In March 1966, he said at the enlarged meeting in The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC): "Now, most universities, middle schools and primary schools are monopolized by people from the bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and rich land." [6] On May 7 of the same year, he reiterated this view in his letter to Lin Biao. Therefore, Mao Zedong’s proposal to reform the education system is not to change the backward situation of modern education, but to change "the phenomenon of bourgeois intellectuals ruling schools".

In fact, Mao Zedong had put forward the idea of reforming the education system before this. In 1964, Mao Zedong proposed that the education system should be reformed. "You don’t know the class struggle. How can you be a college graduate?" [7] According to Mao Zedong’s instructions, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on Organizing Liberal Arts Teachers and Students in Colleges and Universities to Participate in the Socialist Education Movement on September 11th of the same year.

Mao Zedong launched the "Cultural Revolution" with the educational front as an important breakthrough. On June 12th, 1966, Mao Zedong presided over the enlarged meeting of the CPC The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). When talking about the "Cultural Revolution", he said: "First seize power, criticize authority, and then engage in teaching reform and educational system reform. The central government should establish a high school and university entrance examination system by combining school recommendation and selection. " [8] On June 13th, according to Mao Zedong’s instructions and under the auspices of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued a notice, deciding to reform the entrance examination method for colleges and universities, calling the entrance examination method at that time "basically not jumping out of the bourgeois examination system", and decided to postpone the entrance examination for colleges and universities for half a year in 1966. In fact, it is to suspend classes for half a year for college students nationwide to engage in the "Cultural Revolution" movement.

On June 18th, People’s Daily published the decisions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, and published an editorial entitled "Do a good job in the cultural revolution thoroughly and reform the education system thoroughly". The editorial said: "The old entrance examination system has become a stumbling block to the cause of socialist education and the great proletarian cultural revolution." On June 27th, the Ministry of Higher Education issued a notice that the enrollment of graduate students in 1966 and 1967 was suspended. ［9］

On July 24th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on the Reform of Enrollment in Colleges and Universities. The circular pointed out that since liberation, although the methods of college entrance examination have been continuously improved, they have basically not jumped out of the bourgeois examination system. Decided to cancel the exam and adopt a combination of recommendation and selection. This became the method of university enrollment in the early 1970s.

However, once the "Cultural Revolution" is launched, it is difficult to proceed according to the wishes of the initiators and leaders, and it is often "the opposite direction". First, "suspension of classes and revolting" (June 1966), the enrollment of colleges and universities was stopped; Then there was "resumption of classes and revolting" (early 1967); Then, the workers’ propaganda team and the military propaganda team were assigned to colleges and universities to disperse the Red Guards (August 1968); Mobilizing junior and senior high school graduates to go to the countryside (December, 1968) was actually a way of forcibly mobilizing a large number of urban educated youth to go to the countryside, which led to the biggest interruption of human capital investment and accumulation since the founding of New China.

Third, the "Cultural Revolution" loss of human capital

The impact, interruption and even long-term impact of the "Cultural Revolution" on the accumulation process of high human capital (mainly refers to the population with college education or above) and medium human capital (refers to the population with secondary college education) was called "the biggest loss" by Deng Xiaoping, which delayed a generation.

The university stopped enrolling students for four years, and the number of students in the university dropped significantly (see attached table). It is conservatively estimated that during the "Cultural Revolution", if 1965 is taken as the base, tens of thousands of graduate students, 1 million college graduates and 2 million secondary school graduates were less trained nationwide. The actual number may be even larger, because the enrollment rate of universities or high schools in China is much lower than that of countries with the same income level. In 1979, after the college entrance examination was resumed for three consecutive years, the university enrollment rate in China was only 1.2%, which was only half of the average of other low-income countries and only a quarter of the average of developing countries. [10] In addition, the recruitment of overseas students was stopped for six years (from 1966 to 1971).

Secondary school education has also been severely impacted, with the number of students enrolled dropping, even stopping enrolling, and the number of students in school dropping sharply. In 1979, the total number of students in vocational and technical schools was only 1.4 million, far below the level in 1965; The number of students in vocational and technical schools accounts for 2.4% of the total number of students in all secondary schools, far below the average of 11% in developing countries. Part of the result of this situation is that in 1979, only 0.5% of the workforce received higher education, and only 0.9% received secondary technical or vocational education (many of them were teachers). ［10］（pp.92，93）

On October 22, 1977, when Deng Xiaoping met with a delegation from the Korean Central News Agency, he said that the Gang of Four had caused great damage in various fields, and the most damaged areas were education, science and technology. The destruction of education is not reading, which makes the scientific research team lack successors. [11] This is why Deng Xiaoping changed the original enrollment plan of colleges and universities and advocated the restoration of the unified examination system for college enrollment.

Fourth, Deng Xiaoping: Take the education front as the breakthrough of reform and opening up.

Deng Xiaoping promotes reform and opening up, and also chooses the education front as a breakthrough.

On the question of whether to restore the unified examination system for college enrollment, the focus of debate is whether to continue along the so-called "Cultural Revolution" or turn to the normal entrance examination practice that conforms to the laws and characteristics of modern education development. This is not only a dispute about the route, but also a dispute about the basic common sense of human capital investment, and it is also a livelihood event involving thousands of families. Only through social practice can we distinguish right from wrong.

As early as 1975, faced with many obstacles, Deng Xiaoping proposed to let the army take the lead and set up a National University of Defense Technology in the army to recruit students directly from high schools. On May 24, 1977, Deng Xiaoping, who had not yet officially returned, told Wang Zhen and Deng Liqun that Japan had paid attention to science and technology and education since the Meiji Restoration, and spent a lot of effort. Meiji Restoration is a reform carried out by Japan’s new bourgeoisie. As the proletariat, we should do better than them. He clearly pointed out that scientific research must be accompanied by education. He specifically mentioned that it is necessary to pass strict examinations and concentrate the best people in key middle schools and universities. He also said that if he comes out to work and is in charge of science, technology and education, he hopes that from now on, starting from primary school, he will see small results in five years, see results in 10 years, and see great results in 15 years and 20 years. ［12］

Under the direct leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the Ministry of Education has greatly improved the enrollment system of colleges and universities, changed the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution", and resumed the method of unified examination and merit-based admission.

From June 29th to July 15th, the Ministry of Education held the first symposium on college enrollment, which discussed and solved some problems such as the qualifications of students taking the college entrance examination, and put forward the enrollment plan for colleges and universities.

On July 23, Deng Xiaoping said: "Education should walk on two legs and have a focus. Universities should recruit students from workers, peasants and soldiers, and key schools can recruit students from fresh high school graduates. " [11] (P.165) He also said, "No matter how many college students you recruit, you must take the exam. If you fail the exam, you can’t take it. My children can’t pass the exam, and they can’t go through the back door. " ［13］

On July 29th, Deng Xiaoping talked about education with Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao, and proposed that "a number of key universities should be grasped, which are the centers of education and scientific research". He also proposed, "There are several issues to consider: First, whether to abolish the practice that high school graduates have to work for two years before they can go to college? Second, we must adhere to the examination system, and key schools must insist on failing to repeat grades. We should have a clear attitude towards this. Third, we should make a report outline and put forward principles, policies and measures. The relationship between education and scientific research is very close. We should pay close attention to it, start with education, and have specific measures, otherwise it will be an empty gun. " [11] (P.167) At that time, this decision caused great controversy. On August 1st, Deng Xiaoping, Fang Yi and Liu Xiyao talked about education again. He pointed out that education should be run on two legs, and schools can take various forms. The overall goal is to train a group of people as soon as possible. The fundamental plan is to start with education and primary schools, otherwise catching up will become empty talk. The number of key schools should not be too small, so we should start to designate them immediately. Walk on two legs, but with emphasis. Key universities recruit students directly from high school graduates. When compiling teaching materials, we must absorb advanced things from the world and make foreign things serve China, especially in natural science. From the beginning of teaching the most advanced things, students will be inspired to develop in a broader and deeper direction, which is promising. [11] (pp. 168 ~ 169) He also said that for those young intellectuals who have reached a higher level through self-study,It is necessary to study how and how to select them back. There are thousands of such people, so we should pay great attention to them, cherish them and do everything possible to recruit them back to college or graduate school. ［14］

On August 6th, Deng Xiaoping presided over a symposium on science and education. He proposed: "The new education system will be implemented from next year. To make preparations this year, we should determine the academic system, teaching materials, teachers, students’ sources, enrollment system, examination system and assessment system, and do a good job. Don’t make frequent changes after doing a good job. Of course, small changes are still possible. " He proposed, "Take back the original enrollment report and rewrite it according to everyone’s opinions. Enrollment involves millions of young people who go to the countryside. We should come up with a way to select outstanding talents without causing fluctuations. Key schools should recruit students in a unified way. This year, I am determined to enroll students as required, and the students recruited must meet the requirements. " ［11］（pp.175，176）

On August 8th, Deng Xiaoping firmly stated that this year, he would make up his mind to resume accepting students directly from high school graduates and stop making recommendations from the masses. Recruiting students directly from senior high school is a good way to produce talents and results early. ［11］（p.179）

From 17 August to 25 September, the Ministry of Education held another national conference on enrollment in Beijing Friendship Hotel. The enrollment targets determined by this conference were: workers, peasants, educated youths who went to the countryside and returned to their hometowns (including those who have not been assigned jobs according to the policy), demobilized soldiers, cadres and fresh high school graduates, aged about 20, but not more than 25, unmarried. Those who are rich in practical experience and have made achievements or have expertise in research can be relaxed to 30 years old, regardless of their marriage. ［15］

On August 18th, Deng Xiaoping reviewed and agreed to the "Request for Instructions on Delaying Enrollment and Freshmen’s Opening Time" submitted by the Ministry of Education. The report stated that colleges and secondary specialized schools had planned to start enrolling students in August and freshmen would start school in mid-November. According to Vice Chairman Deng’s instructions, we will greatly improve the enrollment system of colleges and universities, and the enrollment time will be postponed to the fourth quarter. Freshmen in 1977 will enter school before the end of February next year (referring to 1978), which will be postponed for three months (including winter vacation). ［11］（p.185）

On September 25th, the National Conference on Enrollment of Colleges and Universities decided to change the practice of not taking exams during the "Cultural Revolution" and restore the method of unified examination and merit-based admission. ［11］（p.185）

In 1977, the college entrance examination was postponed to the fourth quarter. In December, about 5.7 million young people in China took the entrance examination for colleges and universities. The candidates were graduates from 1966 to 1977, aged between 15 and 16 and in their thirties. Colleges and universities selected 273,000 students, and the admission rate was the lowest since the founding of New China, only 4.8%. The freshmen were admitted around February 1978. ［16］

In July 1978, another 6.1 million people took the second national college entrance examination. Two recruitment examinations with a total of more than 11.8 million people set a record in the history of higher education examinations in China and even the world. [17] This fully reflects the strong desire of this generation to go to school, to be knowledgeable, and to change their own destiny. They finally got the chance to make their own choices.

This is Deng Xiaoping’s first major decision after his comeback. It took only a few months from putting forward the idea (May 1977) to making a decision (October 1977) and then implementing it (December 1977). A year later, at the end of 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that the major decision of reform and opening up was the second largest decision. The author calls this first major decision the "seed" of reform and opening-up. It was Deng Xiaoping’s decision to resume the college entrance examination, which planted the "seed" of human capital for China’s modernization, and achieved the situation of "taking root, flowering and bearing fruit" in the later reform and opening-up.

In 1982, when college students of Grade 7-7 and Grade 7-8 graduated, there were about 6.1 million people with college education, accounting for only 0.615% of the total population. By 2013, there will be about 130 million people with college degree or above in China, accounting for 9.6% of the total population, which has surpassed the total population of Japan (127 million)!

Six, resume the recruitment of graduate students, establish a degree system with China characteristics.

In 1978, it was the first year that China resumed the postgraduate system.

On August 4, 1977, Deng Xiaoping proposed that those young intellectuals who went to the countryside to reach a higher level through self-study should do everything possible to find them to come back to college or become graduate students. He also specifically mentioned that in a few years, universities should focus on training graduate students, so that researchers can grow rapidly. This is a matter of policy, so that people can get out faster. I believe that Chinese is smart and will produce a lot of talents. [11] (p.173) This shows that Deng Xiaoping is very clear that the cultivation of high-end talents needs to start with the cultivation of graduate students.

It was under the direct impetus of Deng Xiaoping that in January 1978, the Ministry of Education and the State Planning Commission formulated the national postgraduate enrollment plan. [11] (p.255) On February 28th, China Academy of Social Sciences decided to recruit graduate students for the whole country. In that year, more than 10,500 graduate students were enrolled in China. This figure is close to the total number of graduate students trained in the 17 years before the "Cultural Revolution" (referring to 1949-1966). ［16］（pp.107,193）

While recruiting college students and graduate students in an all-round way, Deng Xiaoping and others have encountered new problems. As a modern university education, should we implement a degree system? If the degree system is to be implemented, what kind of degree system will be adopted? Which system can better represent the world trend?

Implementing the degree system is an important institutional arrangement for a country to train high-level talents, and it is also a basic system generally adopted by modern countries. There are different models and practices in the world: one is the three-level degree system generally adopted by western countries, that is, the establishment of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees. In April 1935, China introduced and imitated the degree system implemented in the United States. By the time New China was founded in 1949, more than 200 people had obtained master’s degrees. The other is the two-level degree system adopted by the Soviet Union, that is, there are only doctoral and associate doctoral degrees, and there are no undergraduate degrees. Due to the influence of the Soviet higher education system after the founding of New China, the three-level degree system in western countries was no longer adopted, and only postgraduate education was implemented. Postgraduates were enrolled in 1950, and by 1965, more than 22,700 people had been enrolled.

From 1961 to 1964, the academic degree regulations drafted by Nie Rongzhen, vice premier of the State Council and director of the State Science and Technology Commission, were basically based on the Soviet model, but this regulation did not become a formal system.

When Deng Xiaoping considered what kind of degree system China was planning to build, two important figures played a key role, one was Hu Qiaomu, and the other was Jiang Nanxiang. This is related to the fact that they all studied in Tsinghua University and understood the western degree system.

Jiang Nanxiang, Minister of Education, personally presided over the drafting of the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Draft), which was adopted in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on February 12, 1980 and came into force on January 1, 1981. In this regard, Jiang Nanxiang explained that the proposed academic degree regulations adopted a three-level academic degree system, so as to communicate with the internationally accepted academic degree system, which is conducive to sending international students and international academic exchanges. The proposed degree system has China characteristics: First, we must adhere to the socialist orientation. We should promote the growth of "red and specialized" senior professionals through the degree system, and ask different degree applicants to support the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and the socialist system. Second, we must emphasize the principle of combining theory with practice. Degree applicants at all levels should not only reach a considerable academic level in the basic theory and expertise of this subject, but also have the corresponding ability to solve practical problems, and neither of them can be neglected. Third, we must implement the principle of quality first, and our country’s degree system should be worthy of the name.

From July 26th to August 2nd, 1981, the first meeting of the Discipline Appraisal Committee of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee awarded 805 doctoral programs in China, which could instruct 1,143 doctoral tutors. There are 2,957 professional programs that award master’s degrees. ［16］（p.460）

Seven, Deng Xiaoping proposed to send students abroad.

On August 8, 1977, Deng Xiaoping presided over the symposium on science and education, and put forward the idea of sending people to study abroad for the first time. ［11］（p.179）

On June 22, 1978, Deng Xiaoping Tong Fangyi, Jiang Nanxiang, Liu Xiyao, etc. talked and suggested that it is worthwhile to spend more money on increasing the number of overseas students. This is one of the important ways to achieve quick results in five years and improve China’s scientific level. [11] (P.331) reflects Deng Xiaoping’s strategic vision of cultivating high-end talents.

On July 10th, Deng Xiaoping met with Frank Press, Science and Technology Advisor to the President of the United States and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Press hopes that this trip will lay the foundation for China and the United States to sign agreements on agricultural exchanges, space technology and exchanges between international students and scholars, and he also suggests to Deng Xiaoping that China send 20-30 students to study in the United States. To Press’s complete surprise, Deng Xiaoping suggested that the United States accept 700 science students from China, and the goal in the next few years is tens of thousands. Press immediately called President Carter, woke him up from his sleep at 3 am, and asked him to approve China to send 700 students to study in the United States, and more students would be welcome in the next few years. Later, Carter readily agreed to the Chinese request. ［18］

On August 4th, the Ministry of Education issued a notice according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 1978, the number of overseas students (including college students, advanced students and graduate students) increased to more than 3,000, mainly for studying science and engineering (including agriculture and medicine) related majors. [16] (p.142) On August 20th, Deng Xiaoping approved the Ministry of Education’s "Several Instructions on Sending Overseas Students", and agreed to send 3,000 overseas students in 1978, with the focus on advanced students and graduate students. ［11］（p.354）

At the end of August, the People’s Letters Summary reported that a student from Shanghai Hongkou Model Middle School requested to study in Japan at his own expense. Deng Xiaoping agreed to Fang Yi’s "permission" reply. [11] (P.365) So far, the way of studying abroad at one’s own expense has been opened.

In the second half of 1978, the first batch of international students from China arrived in the United States. In 1979, there were 1025 international students studying in the United States. By 1984, the number of international students had reached 14,000, two thirds of whom were studying physics, medicine and engineering. Peking University and Tsinghua University are even called "preparatory schools" for public science students studying in the United States. ［18］（p.128）

On July 16th, 1982, the State Council approved the Regulations of the Ministry of Education and other departments on studying abroad at one’s own expense, and put forward that studying abroad at one’s own expense is a channel for cultivating talents. [16] (pp.556-557) Since then, studying abroad at one’s own expense has gradually developed into the main channel for studying abroad.

Eight, Deng Xiaoping agreed to establish a postdoctoral mobile station system to cultivate high-end talents.

On May 21st, 1985, Deng Xiaoping met with Professor Li Zhengdao and his wife to exchange views on developing science and training talents. Li Zhengdao suggested to Deng Xiaoping that in order to create a favorable condition for China’s overseas researchers to return to work, more than a dozen post-doctoral mobile stations could be established as a pilot. This time, when Li Zhengdao made a presentation to Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping also specifically asked, "Why should we train postdoctoral doctors?"? When Li Zhengdao explained it, Deng Xiaoping agreed. He said: "Postdoctoral is a new thing and a new term to me. It is the first time I heard that … setting up a postdoctoral mobile station is a new method, which is very good. Combine training with use, cultivate in use, and find more advanced talents in training and use. There are too few ten postdoctoral mobile stations, and it is necessary to establish hundreds of mobile stations and become a system. " ［19］

In July 1985, China began to implement the postdoctoral system. This shows that overseas Chinese have played an important role in promoting the establishment of a modern education system in China. Deng Xiaoping’s decision has greatly promoted the establishment of high-level talent training system in China, which is a typical case of institutional change in the process of economic system reform in China.

In 1985, there were only 102 postdoctoral mobile stations in China, and by 2013, it had reached 2703. From 1985 to 2013, a total of 70,289 people left the station.

IX. Summary: Long-term Bonus of Human Capital Decision in Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping has made two important decisions on the enrollment method of colleges and universities. The first time was on June 13th, 1966. On the instructions of Mao Zedong, he and Liu Shaoqi made a decision to postpone the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year, and proposed to reform the enrollment examination method of colleges and universities. The second time was in September 1977, after a lapse of 11 years, Deng Xiaoping pushed through the crowd, changed the original enrollment plan in 1977, postponed the enrollment of colleges and universities for half a year again, and formally proposed to Hua Guofeng and other The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) to restore the higher education examination system, which was officially approved by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee (October 5, 1977).

The two decision-making processes have different historical backgrounds and decision-making mechanisms, so there are two different decision-making results, which also reflect the learning process of decision-makers in China, including the understanding and summary of success and failure, right and wrong. As far as Deng Xiaoping is concerned, the first decision was passive, and the second was active. Without decision-making mistakes, there is no decision-making cost. Without decision-making cost, it is difficult to reach a political consensus and make a correct decision quickly.

As early as May 1977, in view of education and science and technology, which were the hardest hit areas of the "Cultural Revolution", Deng Xiaoping once imagined that after his comeback, he would pay great attention to education. We will achieve small results in five years, great results in 10 years, and great results in 15 years and 20 years. [12] It is clear that Deng Xiaoping is not only a great politician, but also a great strategist. He made a series of human capital investment decisions, such as resuming the college entrance examination, recruiting graduate students, establishing a degree system, promoting studying abroad, and setting up postdoctoral mobile stations, which are long-term and strategic decisions, and have produced long-term human capital dividends, which in turn have profoundly affected the process of reform, opening up and socialist modernization in China.

This long-term human capital dividend is as follows (see the table on the next page): compared with 1978, 2013 is equivalent to 28.8 times the number of students in colleges and universities in 1978, 164.1 times the number of graduate students and 481.3 times the number of students studying abroad. In addition, the author estimates that the gross enrollment rate of China University was only about 0.5% in the early 1970s, less than 1% in 1978, and reached 34.5% in 2013. That is to say, according to the gross enrollment rate of universities, in 2013, the chances of college-age population in China being admitted to universities were more than 30 times that of 1978 and more than 60 times that of the early 1970s. Compared with the United States, in 1980, the number of students in colleges and universities in China was only 1.6% of that in the United States (10.475 million). By 2005, China surpassed the United States, and by 2009, China was equivalent to 122% of that in the United States. In 1980, the number of graduate students in China (21,600) was only 1.6% of that in the United States (1,343,000); in 2007, China (1,195,000) was 52.1% of that in the United States (2,294,000); in 2013, China reached 1,790,000; it is estimated that China will surpass the United States around 2015.

This all stems from Deng Xiaoping’s strategic conception, which has not returned in May 1977. We are not only grateful to Deng Xiaoping, but also want to learn from Deng Xiaoping. As the Supreme Leader said when commemorating the 110th anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s birth, "We should learn from his far-sighted strategic thinking when commemorating Comrade Deng Xiaoping", "We have gained insight into the development trend at home and abroad and made a series of major strategic decisions concerning the long-term development of the cause of the party and the state and the future and destiny of socialism". ［20］

Deng Xiaoping’s decision on human capital investment is the most typical successful case. His far-sighted strategic thinking has not only become a long-term dividend for China’s human capital investment, but also the most precious political wealth for future generations.

Source: Compilation of Statistical Data of 60 Years in New China, China Statistics Publishing House, 2010, pp. 72-75; Statistical Abstract of China in 2014, China Statistics Publishing House, 2014, pp. 153-154.

Note: The two sets of data compared between 2013 and 1978 are calculated by the author according to the above data.

[Reference]

[1] Hu Angang: "China: Towards the 21st Century", China Environmental Science Press, 1991, pp. 174, 180 and 183.

[2] China Statistical Yearbook 1984, China Statistics Publishing House, 1984, p. 484.

[3] Hu Angang, Wang Hongchuan and Yan Yilong: Modernization of China: Human Resources and Education (1949 ~ 2030), Research on Education Development, No.1, 2015.

[4] "Selected Important Documents Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China" Volume 1, Central Literature Publishing House, 1992, p. 11.

[5] History of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Higher Education Press and People’s Publishing House, 2013, p. 173.

[6] Biography of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976) Volume II, Central Literature Publishing House, 2003, p. 1404.

[7] Mao Zedong Manuscripts Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China, Volume 11, Central Literature Publishing House, 1996, p. 96.

[8] Chronicle of Mao Zedong (1949 ~ 1976), Volume 5, Central Literature Publishing House, 2013, p. 593.

[9] He Dongchang, editor-in-chief: "Important Educational Literature in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (1949 ~ 1997)", Hainan Publishing House, 1998, p. 1403.

[10] World Bank Economic Mission: "China: Development of Socialist Economy", China Financial and Economic Press, 1983, p. 92.

[11] The Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 227.

[12] Gu Weiming: "The initial brewing of the resumption of the college entrance examination system in 1977", "Research on Contemporary China History" No.5, 2003.

[13] Yang Shengqun and Chen Jin, editor-in-chief: "Historical Turning Point 1977 ~ 1978", Life, Reading and Knowledge Joint Publishing Company, 2009, p. 49.

［14］? Yearbook of Deng Xiaoping Thought (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2011, p. 59.

[15] Zhang Shujun and Gao Xinmin, editor-in-chief: Historical Archives of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China Economic Publishing House, 1998, p. 412.

[16] Xu Dashen, editor-in-chief: "A Record of People’s Republic of China (PRC)" Volume 4, Jilin People’s Publishing House, 1994, p. 57.

[17] Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, China National Museum: Historical Records of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2009,Page 361.

[18] [America] Fu Gaoyi: "Deng Xiaoping and China’s Opening to the Outside World: Sino-US Relations from 1977 to 1979", edited by Zhu Jiamu: "Contemporary China"And its Development Path —— Proceedings of the Second International Forum on Contemporary China History, Contemporary China Press, 2010, p.Page 127.

[19] Chronicle of Deng Xiaoping (1975 ~ 1997), Central Literature Publishing House, 2004, p. 976.

[20] Supreme Leader: Speech at the Symposium to Commemorate the 110th Anniversary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s Birth (August 20, 2014), People’s Daily.August 21, 2014.

[Author] Hu Angang, Professor, School of Public Administration, Tsinghua University.

　Source of the article: Research on Contemporary China History

　　Late autumn and early winter are high season for air pollution, but the winter in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei in 2019 is far more "blue" than in previous years. Under this blue sky and white clouds, there is an important technology that is "escorting" to win the blue sky defense war, which is — — Atmospheric monitoring and early warning technology.

　　"Atmosphere ‘ Monitoring and early warning ’ Just like the laboratory in the hospital, it tells you carefully, accurately and clearly whether there is pollution in the atmosphere and how the whole pollution level is. " At the recent "air pollution monitoring, forecasting and early warning technology exchange meeting" held by China 21st Century Agenda Management Center, Liu Wenqing, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, said that although the current average concentration of PM2.5 has dropped significantly, the "secondary pollution" represented by ozone and volatile organic compounds is constantly emerging, which challenges air monitoring and is also a difficult problem that must be overcome to win the blue sky defense war.

　　At the exchange meeting, experts including Zhang Yuanhang and Academician Liu Wenqing conducted in-depth discussions on the innovation and breakthrough of fine monitoring and early warning technology of air pollution in the "Special Project of Causes and Control Technology of Air Pollution" (hereinafter referred to as "Special Project of Air Pollution"). They believed that the internal cause of regional air quality regulation is emission, and the external cause is meteorology, and the control should focus on monitoring and emission reduction at the source.

　　Capturing the invisible "killer" of air pollution

　　Free radical, an active name, plays the role of "yin and yang teacher" in the prevention and control of air pollution.

　　On the one hand, it is the "scavenger" of atmospheric toxic substances, and the existence of free radicals constantly regulates the toxic components in the atmospheric environment, so that they cannot be aggregated. On the other hand, free radicals will oxidize with volatile organic compounds emitted by humans, and then react with nitrogen oxides to generate ozone and secondary organic aerosol, which play a "core" role in ozone pollution and particulate pollution.

　　A double-edged sword stands upright in the atmosphere. How should we examine it? The attitude given by the atmospheric expert group is objective and accurate, and the finer the better.

　　Accurate monitoring of free radicals is based on the changing trend of the current air pollution pattern. Li Xin, a researcher at Peking University Institute of Environment and the project leader of "On-line Measurement Technology of Atmospheric Free Radicals and Active Precursors", said in an interview with the Science and Technology Daily reporter that since the State Council promulgated the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan in 2013 (referred to as "National Ten Articles"), various measures have significantly alleviated primary pollution such as PM2.5. However, from the chemical composition of particulate matter, secondary components (that is, the first ten articles), Moreover, the concentration level and over-standard rate of ozone generated by the chain reaction of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides under light conditions are also on the rise in major urban areas in China.

　　Free radicals are the indispensable "catalyst" in the above-mentioned "trade-off" pollutant transformation. Therefore, free radicals have become an important indicator to monitor the change of air pollution, and its concentration and activity have become a marker to measure the level of atmospheric oxidation in the eyes of Li Xin’s team.

　　Can free radicals be easily detected? Compared with conventional gaseous pollutants, the concentration of free radicals is very low. Li Xin introduced that the concentration standard of ozone in the atmosphere is 160μ G/m3 (microgram per cubic meter), and the converted concentration is 2×1012 cm-3 (molecule per cubic centimeter). However, the peak concentration level of hydroxyl radical (OH), which contributes the most to atmospheric oxidation, is only about 107cm-3 (molecule per cubic centimeter), which is equivalent to one hundred thousandth of the concentration of traditional gaseous pollutants. Moreover, the activity of free radicals is very strong, and the surface of OH radicals will be annihilated when it is touched by any substance, which means that it is in a state of change all the time, which makes it more difficult to detect free radicals.

　　In fact, the measurement of OH radicals has been studied since 1970s, and there are still some technical problems that have not been overcome until now. Li Xin’s team also adopts the internationally mature technical route — — The method of laser-induced fluorescence is that a laser beam hits the OH radical to stimulate the OH radical to release fluorescence, and the concentration of the OH radical can be judged by monitoring the intensity of the fluorescence signal.

　　The innovation of their method lies in making the laser measurement stable, accurate and accurate. Behind it is a set of self-designed measurement and feedback system, a series of conditional experiments and software simulations, and a self-built free radical concentration emitter & HELIP; … It is also the complete application of this technology and equipment that makes China the sixth country in the world to independently master this technology to capture the invisible "killer" — — Free radical country.

　　Monitoring ultra-fine particles from stationary pollution sources

　　With the introduction of the "National Ten Articles" and other policies, the emission standards of pollutants have become more and more strict. Nowadays, the atmospheric environment monitoring technology for fixed pollution sources has already entered the era of ultra-fine particle monitoring.

　　In the project report of Ding Yanjun, a professor in the Department of Energy and Power Engineering in Tsinghua University, the reporter saw that although the particulate emission detection equipment of stationary pollution sources such as thermal power plants in China and the world can monitor the ultra-low emission below 5mg/m3 (mg/m3) on line, it can only measure the total mass concentration of discharged smoke and dust, and cannot realize the high-precision on-line monitoring of the particle spectrum distribution of fine and ultrafine particles.

　　"The traditional one-way light particle optical scattering technology can only obtain one-dimensional optical information corresponding to the total mass concentration of smoke and dust, and when the environmental conditions change, the particle spectrum and refractive index of smoke and dust will change, which will affect the accuracy of the measurement results because it cannot perceive the change of smoke and dust characteristics." Ding Yanjun told the reporter that according to the scattering relationship between light waves and particulate matter, the project team used signal measurement and inversion signal processing algorithms to obtain PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 values in the smoke concentration, and finally realized the joint measurement of particle spectrum and mass concentration of fixed pollution sources.

　　It is noteworthy that the theoretical methods and key components obtained in this project have all been patented, among which the method of obtaining aerosol characteristics of scattered light signal and its application have been patented in PCT international invention, and both Japanese and American patents have been authorized.

　　For the monitoring of stationary pollution sources, in addition to sophisticated technical standards, there must also be pollutant monitoring technology that conforms to China’s actual working conditions.

　　Ding Yanjun told the Science and Technology Daily reporter that the imported instruments, whether from the United States, Europe or Japan, can not meet the monitoring of ammonia escape in the flue gas of a large number of high-ash coal-fired units in China, because a large number of fly ash in the flue gas makes the measurement laser unable to penetrate and fail.

　　In view of this situation, the project team developed a high-precision, high-sensitivity, online-calibration in-situ sampling ammonia escape monitoring technology, which realized ammonia escape monitoring of flue gas denitrification in a large number of high-ash coal-fired units in China. In addition, in view of the latest research results of fly ash adsorbing a large amount of escaped ammonia, the online monitoring technology of ammonia adsorbed by fly ash in flue gas was first developed in the world, and the total amount of ammonia escaping from flue gas denitrification was successfully monitored.

　　"This will provide key technical support and guarantee for the comprehensive monitoring and strict control of ammonia escape from flue gas denitrification widely existing in China’s industrial process." Ding Yanjun said.

　　Exploring three-dimensional information of atmospheric boundary layer pollution

　　In the winter of 2018, a 15-day large-scale meteorological observation experiment spanning 2,000 kilometers was held as scheduled.

　　"This is a large-scale, multi-platform and multi-factor comprehensive observation experiment of air pollution." Hu Fei, a researcher in lasg, who is in charge of this experimental project, said that the purpose of this experiment is to obtain the three-dimensional information of air pollution distribution in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, especially the high-resolution vertical distribution and time evolution characteristics of air pollutants and meteorological elements in the atmospheric boundary layer.

　　The difficulty of the experiment lies in high-altitude detection and keeping watch over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, so it was named "Wangdu Experiment". Different from the monitoring technology of fixed pollution sources on the ground, "Wangdu Experiment" mainly aims at the deficiency of simultaneous joint detection of pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer and the vertical structure of meteorological elements, and carries out comprehensive detection and technological breakthrough.

　　The reason is that the atmospheric boundary layer, which is 1-2 kilometers away from the ground, dominates the material and energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere, and is the main place for human life and engineering activities, as well as the main place for air pollution and meteorological disasters. Hu Fei told reporters: "In such a high range, it is a concrete difficulty to achieve full coverage in space, complete elements in composition and continuity in time."

　　An air pollution monitoring experiment integrating ground and air was staged in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region — — A 32-meter-long, 1,800-cubic-meter-long large air boat floats at an altitude of 1,000 meters like a kite. The "King of the Air" plane travels through the air with equipment, and the lidar conducts navigation observation with Beijing as the center, and a number of ground observation stations in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei also implement synchronous collaborative observation & HELIP; … In order to support the comparison of air pollution characteristics between the north and the south of China, the monitoring equipment of the Pearl River Delta, the 356-meter-high Shenzhen Meteorological Tower and the 600-meter-high Guangzhou TV Tower, which are 2000 kilometers away, cooperated with the "Wangdu Experiment" to carry out observation at the same time.

　　In this observation experiment, the new ozone lidar, nitrogen dioxide lidar, high-altitude turbulence ultrasonic anemometer detection system and vorticity-related PM2.5 turbulence flux observation system independently developed by the project also made their debut.

　　Hu Fei said that this experiment has obtained new information and new phenomena about the fine structure of physical and chemical elements of pollutants that could not be obtained by ground observation or portable instrument sounding observation, which can provide scientific reference for revealing the formation mechanism of heavy pollution, pollutant source analysis and optimal control of air pollution in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. (Reporter Liang He)

　　In the car camp, hybrid cars have both the high endurance of fuel engines and the high efficiency of electric motors. With the further development of hybrid technology by car companies, more and more hybrid vehicles appear on the market. From the technical route, the hybrid is mainly divided into four categories: light hybrid, oil-electric hybrid, plug-in hybrid and extended-range hybrid. Do you know how to choose so many types of hybrid cars?

　　Mild hybrid

　　Advantages: it is more fuel-efficient than a fuel truck and does not need to be recharged.

　　Disadvantages: limited fuel-saving effect

　　It is reported that the "light hybrid" commonly known in the market is a light hybrid, which aims to improve fuel efficiency, reduce emissions and improve vehicle performance.

　　Different from fuel-powered vehicles, light-mixed vehicles are generally started by pure electric power without much vibration and noise; When accelerating,It can provide additional propulsion energy, thus reducing the engine burden and achieving the purpose of fuel saving; When braking, the light hybrid power system will also recover excess energy for itself.Charging to further realize energy saving and emission reduction.

　　Different from other hybrid vehicles, mild hybrid vehicles have no pure electric mode, because there is not enough power to propel the vehicle. At present, 48V light hybrid system is common, which can generally save 10% ~ 15% fuel when driving in cities.

　　For consumers, the cost of light-mixed vehicles should be considered when purchasing. The price of 48V light-mixed vehicles is higher than that of traditional fuel vehicles. Because of its more complicated internal structure, the maintenance cost is relatively higher. Consumers need to weigh the balance between purchase cost and maintenance cost. For example, many Mercedes-Benz models are all equipped with 48V light mixing system, and the new GLC is equipped with a 2.0T engine and a 48V light mixing system. The official guide price is 453,500 ~ 483,500 yuan.

　　In addition, under the dual requirements of environmental protection and fuel consumption, light mixing is still a technical scheme that can effectively reduce fuel consumption. The 48V light mixing system can reach the balance point between cost and fuel saving effect, so that it can meet the requirements of environmental protection emission at a lower cost.

　　Plug-in hybrid power

　　Advantages: fuel saving

　　Disadvantages: short battery life

　　Simply speaking, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles combine the advantages of traditional fuel vehicles and pure electric vehicles, and adopt two power systems, electric drive and internal combustion engine drive, which can provide power alternately. It has not only the fuel engine, transmission and transmission system of the traditional car, but also the electric motor and control circuit of the pure electric car. It can charge the vehicle through an external power supply, and has a relatively large capacity and a charging interface. When the battery is fully charged, the plug-in hybrid vehicle can only rely on the motor to drive and realize zero-emission driving. When the battery is exhausted or needs more power, it can switch to the hybrid mode and use the fuel engine to continue driving, thus greatly increasing the driving range of the vehicle.

　　Compared with traditional fuel vehicles, the comprehensive fuel consumption of plug-in hybrid vehicles is lower. In the hybrid mode, the fuel engine and motor work together, which improves the energy utilization efficiency and reduces the fuel consumption. such asSeal 06DM-i is equipped with DM-i plug-in hybrid system, of which there are two versions, 120 kW and 160 kW respectively. In terms of battery life, the pure battery life of Seal 06DM-i is 60 kilometers and 90 kilometers respectively, and the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is only 3.98 liters.

　　It is worth noting that although plug-in hybrid vehicles are fuel-efficient and suitable for daily commuting, due to the short battery life of this model, it also means that owners need to charge every day, and it is best to have their own..

　　Oil-electric hybrid power

　　Advantages: fuel saving and no mileage anxiety.

　　Disadvantages: the car price is higher.

　　However, the gasoline-electric hybrid is easily confused with the light hybrid by consumers, because both of them can’t be charged, but can only be refueled. In fact, they are different in working mode, ignition mode, characteristics, fuel consumption and release time.

　　First of all, the motor power and battery capacity of light-mixed vehicles are smaller, while oil-electric hybrid vehicles have stronger performance and pure electric mode cruising range; Secondly, light-mixed vehicles still rely on fuel to drive after being started with electricity, while oil-electric hybrid vehicles can run without using internal combustion engines.

　　In addition, the light mixing system uses 48V battery and motor to match the fuel engine, which can be used only when the vehicle starts or under specific circumstances, which can effectively save fuel. On the other hand, the hybrid electric vehicle adds a drive motor to the fuel engine, so that the motor can assist the engine to generate more power and reduce fuel consumption. Therefore, the light hybrid system adds a small motor to the original engine of the vehicle, while the oil-electric hybrid system adds a driving motor, both of which can achieve the purpose of energy saving and emission reduction.

　　The reporter learned that the application time of oil-electric hybrid power system is earlier than that of light hybrid power system, and the technology development is relatively more mature. The mainstream in the market is Japanese hybrid models, such as GAC Toyota’s ninth-generation Camry, which is the benchmark model in the segmentation field. WLTC’s comprehensive fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is 4.2 liters, and it can travel more than 1,000 kilometers with a full tank of oil.

　　Extended range hybrid power

　　Advantages: reduce endurance anxiety

　　Disadvantages: the price is higher.

　　The extended-range hybrid vehicle is essentially a unique series plug-in hybrid vehicle. Based on the structure of pure electric vehicle, the extended-range hybrid vehicle adds a range extender (engine) to generate electricity through the generator, which provides power for batteries, motors and other equipment on the vehicle, but it cannot directly participate in driving the vehicle. When the battery is fully charged, the range extender rests, and the vehicle is completely driven by the battery pack to realize zero-emission driving; When the battery is low, the range extender is started to drive the vehicle by driving the motor. Some of this electricity can directly drive the motor to propel the vehicle, and the other part can charge the battery pack to ensure that the battery pack always has enough electricity. This means that the range extender is like a large mobile power supply or charging treasure, which provides a steady stream of electric energy for the battery pack. This also enables extended-range hybrid vehicles to still have a long cruising range without or without sufficient conditions.

　　However, due to the fuel and electric systems, extended-range hybrid vehicles are heavier than pure fuel vehicles and pure electric vehicles, which is one of the reasons why most extended-range hybrid vehicles on the market are medium and large SUVs. At the same time, because the extended-range hybrid electric vehicle has more components such as battery and motor than the pure fuel vehicle, and more components such as engine and fuel tank than the pure electric vehicle, its manufacturing cost and later maintenance cost are higher. For example, the national unified retail price of the ideal L6 equipped with a 1.5T four-cylinder range extender is 249,800 ~ 279,800 yuan; The M9 extended range Max version is 469,800 yuan, and the extended range Ultra version is 529,800 yuan.

Chen Henan

　　Hello, I’m Chen Henan from Southeast Satellite TV. I am a journalist who is engaged in Taiwan-related and Taiwan-related news reports.

　　The Straits Forum is the largest non-governmental exchange platform between the mainland and Taiwan Province. Since the first session in 2009, more than 300,000 compatriots on both sides of the strait have participated together. In this process, my colleagues and I witnessed and recorded the feelings and blending of compatriots on both sides of the strait in the past 14 years.

　　On July 13th, the 14th Straits Forum was held in Xiamen. At the forum meeting that day, a representative of Taiwan compatriots’ speech caught everyone’s attention. He was Dr. Lin Shuren from Peking University who came to the mountainous area to start a business to help the poor. The story of him and his father in Daliangshan touched many people.

　　Mr. Lin Chunfu, Shuren’s father, chose to come to the mainland for development in the 1990s. After nearly 20 years of hard work, his enterprise has made small achievements in the industry. However, in 2011, 60-year-old Lin Chunfu put down the handicraft company with just the right momentum in Shenzhen and chose to retire. He came to Daliangshan, Sichuan, where he planted olives. At that time, the whole family thought Lin Chunfu was crazy. At the age of 60, it was too difficult for him to change the runway and start a new business. However, Lin Chunfu said, "It is normal to have difficulties in development. With the good policies of the mainland and the support of the government, it will be more emboldened to face difficulties."

　　In 2020, our film crew came to Hongmo Town, Mianning County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, where we interviewed the Lins’ father and son. When you first met Lin Chunfu, it was hard for you to imagine that this was a Taiwanese businessman who used to run a company with tens of thousands of employees. There are deep wrinkles in the corner of his eyes, and his skin is tanned. He is more like an agronomist we will meet in the fields.

　　Since 2011, the Lins’ father and son have built an olive plantation and set up an olive professional cooperative in Mianning County. When we interviewed them, the local olive plantation had grown from 600 mu at the beginning to 10,700 mu. Relying on the olive industry brought by the Lins’ father and son, more than 3,800 local farmers were lifted out of poverty and headed for a well-off society. Today, when I interviewed Lin Shuren, he told me that two years later, with the care and policy support of local governments at all levels, the olive plantation has expanded to more than 25 thousand mu, and they have increased the annual per capita net income of more than 6,800 farmers by more than three times.

　　The local Yi villagers thanked the Lins and their sons in a very special way. They gave the extra virgin olive oil a Yi name, Muduhani. In the Yi language, Muduhani means flame. The villagers said that the arrival of the Lins’ father and son brought us fire and hope in the Great Liangshan Mountain. This fire is the fire of getting rid of poverty, and this hope is the hope of getting rich.

　　During the fourteen years from 2009 to 2022, we encountered many stories of Taiwan compatriots like this in the interview process of the Straits Forum. The Straits Forum provides an unprecedented platform for cross-strait exchanges and exchanges. Taiwan Province compatriots share their experiences and tell what they see as the development of the mainland and the integration of the two sides. The launch of successive pragmatic measures, such as direct flights between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits, Taiwan Province compatriots’ travel to and from the mainland exempted from endorsement, and the landing of a new platform for cross-strait youth employment and entrepreneurship, has made the Straits Forum a "fast lane" for deepening cross-strait exchanges and cooperation and promoting cross-strait integration and development.

　　Faced with such communication momentum, some people can’t sit still.

　　In 2016, Taiwan Province Democratic Progressive Party authorities came to power, and the Straits Forum became a thorn in their side. They tried their best to prevent Taiwan Province compatriots from participating in the forum, restrict relevant personnel from going to the mainland, intimidate and threaten non-governmental groups not to participate, and prohibit branch activities from being held on the island.

　　In 2019, at the 11th Straits Forum, Huang Zhixian, a media person from Taiwan Province, took the stage to speak as a representative of Taiwan compatriots. Her sentence "Our generation will bring Taiwan Province home" has been played by hundreds of millions on the Internet.

　　On the third day after the Straits Forum speech, at ten o’clock at night, Huang Zhixian sent me a message through WeChat. She said that Taiwan Province’s Mainland Affairs Council would use criminal offences against her, but she was not afraid and would fight if she wanted to. After returning to Taipei, the program hosted by Huang Zhixian was suspended and cancelled due to special factors that were not supposed to exist. She had to find a new studio, a new production team and start all over again.

　　After learning the news, my colleagues and I immediately invited her to have an exclusive interview, asking her to talk about her feelings for the motherland, her desire for reunification, and what she encountered after returning to Taiwan Province.

　　Huang Zhixian said that sooner or later, the program would be cancelled, and she knew it. However, as long as there is a one-minute program, she will tell the truth to the audience she cares about and all Chinese.

　　Last August, I invited Huang Zhixian again for an exclusive interview. At that time, she had just returned from Xinjiang. She talked with me about her pride when she was vaccinated with domestic COVID-19 vaccine in mainland China, and about her experience of going through the southeast and northwest of the motherland in the past year. At the end of the visit, I once again mentioned her speech at the Straits Forum two years ago and the unfair treatment she encountered afterwards. She said that as long as we make "Taiwan independence" angry, we will succeed, and if we can make "Taiwan independence" angry, we will be more successful!

　　In 2009, the first report on the Straits Forum in the "Straits Shinkansen" column of Southeast Satellite TV was produced by me. In 2022, the report on the Straits Forum in the "Shinkansen" column is still presented to the audience through me. In the past fourteen years, my colleagues and I have witnessed the ebb and flow between the two sides of the strait, and recorded the good marriage forged by Taiwan Province compatriots on the mainland because of the Straits Forum. They found a stage to realize their dreams here, where they felt the ardent feelings of a family of compatriots on both sides of the strait.

　　"Good cross-strait relations will make Taiwan Province better". Expanding non-governmental exchanges and deepening integrated development are the right path in the world. Compatriots on both sides of the strait should walk together with one heart, work together, persevere and persevere. The motherland must be unified, and it must be unified. Our generation of Taiwanese journalists will be fortunate to be the recorder of this moment.

　　Thank you.

　　Fujian media group Chen Henan Taiwan Province 815 blackout report.

　　Chen Henan of Fujian Radio, Film and Television Group interviewed Hong Xiuzhu, former chairman of China Kuomintang.

　　On-the-spot Report of Fujian Radio, Film and Television Group Chen Henan’s Fuxing Air Disaster

　　Expert comments:

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The design of Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV continues the design language of EQ family, and the front face adopts a closed air intake grille to create a futuristic visual effect. The LED headlights on both sides are perfectly integrated with the air intake grille, which enhances the overall recognition and sense of technology. The body lines are smooth, showing a dynamic and elegant overall style, which can attract people’s attention whether driving on city streets or suburban mountain roads.

Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV has elegant and smooth side lines, with a body size of 4880*2032*1679 mm and a wheelbase of 3030 mm, ensuring spacious seating space and good body stability. The front tread is 1649mm, and the rear tread is 1662mm. With the tyre size of 235/55 R19, it presents a steady driving posture. The design style of the rim is simple and fashionable, which adds a sporty atmosphere to the whole car.

The interior design of Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV adheres to the fusion of luxury and technology, creating a pleasant driving atmosphere. The steering wheel is wrapped in leather, with delicate texture and comfortable grip. It is equipped with electric up and down+front and rear adjustment function to ensure that every driver can find the best grip position. The size of the central control screen reaches 12.8 inches, and the display effect is clear. It supports voice recognition control of multimedia system, navigation, telephone, air conditioner, skylight and other functions, which improves the driving convenience. The front row is equipped with mobile phone wireless charging function to meet the charging needs of modern people. The seat is made of imitation leather, and the main and auxiliary seats have heating and ventilation functions, providing excellent comfort and support. In addition, the main seat is also equipped with electric memory function, which can remember the seat adjustment settings of the driver’s seat and the co-pilot seat, which is convenient for users to quickly switch to the habitual sitting position. The rear seats support proportional tilting, providing passengers with more flexible space utilization schemes.

Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV is equipped with a high-performance engine with a maximum power of 300 kW and a maximum torque of 858 Nm, providing drivers with strong power output and excellent driving experience.

The experience sharing shows us that Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV performs well in terms of power, but the low-profile model lacks the function of rear wheel steering, and its flexibility is relatively low, and it is slightly inferior to the BMW 3 Series in handling. In addition, when the vehicle passes through the pit, there is more redundant shaking, which indicates that the suspension system is soft. These feedbacks provide us with valuable reference information.

Security configuration is the focus of most consumers, and it may not be used very often, but it is necessary to have it just in case, and a more comprehensive configuration can often win more consumers’ love. Today, Xiaobian picked a car in a medium-sized suv and introduced it to everyone. It is. The strength of the car still needs to be understood before we know, so let’s take a look.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of Sharp. The front of Sharp has an elegant shape, and the air intake grille uses a hexagonal shape, which looks very fashionable and dynamic. Coupled with comfortable headlights, you can see many interesting details from the inside. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, automatic opening and closing, adaptive far and near light, delayed closing and so on. Come to the car side, the car body size is 5000MM*1961MM*1773MM, the car uses personalized lines, the car side looks very personalized, with large-size thick-walled tires, eye-catching shape. Looking back, the rear of the car looks very cool, the taillights look very domineering, and the shape is avant-garde and individual.

When I came into the car, the interior looked very sharp and the overall shape was remarkable. The steering wheel of the car is very in line with the interior style, and it is made of genuine leather, so everything is very streamlined. Take a look at the central control. The design of the center console is reasonable, which makes the interior style impressive and conforms to the temperament of the car. Finally, let’s take a look at the dashboard and seats. The car is equipped with a simple dashboard and its shape has taken the sports route. The car uses a leather/suede mix seat, which is wide and thick and comfortable.

Equipped with driving mode selection, remote control key, Bluetooth key, rear wiper, interior atmosphere light, traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.) and other configurations, it has rich functions and greatly improves its convenience of use.

What’s your main impression of this car after reading the whole article? This car performs well in terms of space and configuration. As for the design, everyone has everyone’s aesthetics.

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The Jaguar XFL is a luxury sedan that combines elegance and power. Its front face is uniquely designed, using the iconic Jaguar family-style air intake grille, and combined with exquisite chrome elements, it gives the vehicle a strong visual impact. The overall style is atmospheric and stable, and the streamlined body lines elegantly blend movement and luxury, showing the classic craftsmanship of Jaguar. Whether it is the exquisite craftsmanship in the details or the coordination of the overall appearance, it highlights the unique charm of the XFL.

The Jaguar XFL outlines its unique body profile with elegant side lines. The body dimensions are 5102mm * 1890mm * 1456mm in length * width * height, and the wheelbase reaches 3100mm, providing ample support for the interior space. The 1605mm front wheelbase and 1609mm rear wheelbase settings ensure good driving stability. Particularly striking is its tire specification, both of which use 245/40 R19, which not only enhances driving performance, but also adds to the vehicle’s sense of mobility. The rim style is integrated into Jaguar’s usual exquisite design, adding a lot to the overall appearance.

The interior design of the Jaguar XFL is elegant and detail-oriented, creating a luxurious driving atmosphere. Its steering wheel is made of leather, providing the flexibility of manual up and down + front and rear adjustment and electric up and rear adjustment to ensure driver comfort and ease of control. The 11.4-inch central control screen shows the sense of technology, equipped with advanced automatic speech recognition control system, supports multimedia, navigation and telephone functions, and is easy to operate.

In terms of seats, the Jaguar XFL is made of comfortable leather, and the main and passenger seats are equipped with 4-way adjustment including front and rear, backrest, height and waist support, providing an excellent riding experience. The front seats are also equipped with heating function, while the driver seat also has an additional electric memory function, fully considering the user’s individual needs. The interior space layout is reasonable, and the multimedia/charging interface includes USB and Type-C interfaces to meet the needs of passengers’ electronic devices. It also provides wireless charging function for mobile phones, which is both convenient and practical.

The Jaguar XFL is powered by a powerful 2.0T engine with a maximum power of 184 kilowatts and a torque output of 365 Nm, with 250 horsepower. This engine is paired with an 8-speed manual transmission, providing a smooth driving experience and efficient power transmission.

Summarizing the experience of the car owner, he was full of praise for the Jaguar XFL, especially appreciating its fusion of exquisite craftsmanship and unique British style. The elegance and movement of the body design, as well as the sharp eyes of the flat headlights, undoubtedly brought a strong visual impact to the driver. At the same time, the luxurious texture of the interior and the meticulous craftsmanship, such as the comfortable riding experience brought by the leather seats, all made him deeply experience the high-quality life attitude conveyed by the Jaguar XFL. Overall, the Jaguar XFL is not only his travel partner, but also a symbol of his taste and dignity.

　　On December 1, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Tencent News, the 2023 Tencent ConTech Conference was held. The theme of this year’s conference is "The Year of Sometimes". The conference invited well-known economists, entrepreneurs, investors, scholars, writers, emerging young directors and Tencent news content creators to engage in speculation and dialogue on topics such as "growth sources, intelligent emergence, change symbiosis, and polyphony" based on future trends and changes.

　　At the opening of the conference, He Yijin, the head of Tencent News, delivered a keynote speech of "Sometimes the year, walking with the times", proposing that it will continue to provide users with a "new thinking, new knowledge, new joy, new flame" information content consumption experience through content, product and technological innovation. First, Tencent News has set aside 95% of the stock content compared to before. At the same time, on the basis of the end of last year, Tencent News added 17% of the content, including content creation by experts and practitioners in various industries; secondly, in terms of product experience, Tencent News is committed to continuously improving the efficiency of user consumption through morning and evening newspapers, night reading, second understanding, 724 express, and selected channels, so that users can obtain the required content in a timely and effective manner.

　　In the high-end dialogue session of the conference, renowned economists, entrepreneurs, investors, scholars, writers, and emerging young directors held dialogues on four topics: growth drivers, intelligent emergence, change symbiosis, and polyphonic life, to jointly explore current and future issues and look forward to the next 20 years.

　　Professor Huang Yiping, Vice President of the National Development Research Institute of Peking University, Liu Yonghao, Member of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and Chairperson of New Hope Group, and Su Kai, Partner of Sequoia China, used the theme of "Growth Source" to imagine how to find new engines and breaking points through innovation in the new cycle.

　　When facing environmental changes and cyclical lows, how should companies break through? Huang Yiping believes that the most important issue now is that the economic environment has changed, requiring a new economic growth model. This model must mean that we must pay more attention to the domestic market, place more emphasis on innovation, and place more emphasis on the role of technology in driving the economy.

　　2023 is a year redefined by artificial intelligence. GPT has changed and evolved several times, and the wave brought by the big model has swept the world. AGI is considered the "fourth industrial revolution". Sun Tianshu, a professor at Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business and director of the digital transformation center, and Wang Xiaochuan, founder of Baichuan Intelligent, a leader in the artificial intelligence industry, and Qiu Xipeng, a professor at the School of Computer Science of Fudan University and the head of the Moss system, discussed how AI will reshape thousands of industries in the next 20 years.

　　At the conference, Tencent News also released a blueprint for high-quality content in 2024.

"Wang Zuxian’s shaving degree is nai", after the news came out, his glasses fell to the ground immediately. Although the topic has been torn on whether "he is a monk" or "he is not a monk", the eight friends with extremely rich imagination must have listed a bunch of ex-boyfriend keywords to analyze this matter. In fact, whether he is a monk or not is just a formality. There are not a few stars in the entertainment industry who want to convert to Buddhism. No matter whether it is Zha Xiaoxin’s "inseparable relationship with Lin Jianyue" or everyone’s groundless speculation of "being stimulated by the rumors of Qi Qin’s marriage", it must not be the only reason for Wang Zuxian to see through the world, but we can still see her emotional attitude from her love history and screen roles over the years.

Wang Zuxian’s beauty when he was young was shocking, but the speed of his twilight was too fast to be overwhelmed. When we were still fascinated by the gorgeous cousin in the movie, the paparazzi over there had cruelly photographed her fat aunt in the tabloids, but unlike the calm acceptance of other stars getting old, the audience seemed to be particularly intolerant that her cousin was no longer ecstasy. We only wanted to think of her ice-clear and jade-clean in "Killer Butterfly Dream", the melancholy and moving in "Qiannv Ghost", the coquettish coquettish in "Green Snake", and the eloquent tongue in "Dongcheng West", we couldn’t face her later withering appearance and life-like performance in "Beautiful Shanghai". Therefore, in order not to destroy the image of the cousin in everyone’s memory, she just came back Wang Zuxian had to retire again, and the stagnation of her career must have been one of the reasons why she saw through the world.

Looking back at Wang Zuxian’s famous screen images and the bumpy love history mixed in, it may not be difficult to understand why the peerless beauty has the idea of escaping.